Overview of the Saudi National Mental Health Survey

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Abstract

Objectives

To present background information for the Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS) on the Saudi mental healthcare delivery system and previous epidemiological research on the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

Methods

Archival information and the results of a literature review are presented.

Results

KSA is the largest sovereign nation in the Middle East and the largest free market economy in the Middle East and North Africa. A national mental health policy has been in existence since 2006, but mental health spending still is less than in most other high‐income countries. The Ministry of Health has recently begun developing a new healthcare system based on a patient‐centered model of care that will integrate care of mental disorders with care of physical disorders. Previous epidemiological research on mental disorders in KSA has been limited, making the SNMHS important for policy planning purposes to obtain accurate estimates of prevalence, treatment, and barriers to treatment.

Conclusions

The SNMHS will provide valuable information for policy planning purposes on the burden of untreated mental disorders in KSA and barriers to treatment.

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Most cited references 33

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Family caregivers of people with dementia

Henry Brodaty, Marika Donkin (2009)

Family caregivers of people with dementia, often called the invisible second patients, are critical to the quality of life of the care recipients. The effects of being a family caregiver, though sometimes positive, are generally negative, with high rates of burden and psychological morbidity as well as social isolation, physical ill-health, and financial hardship. Caregivers vulnerable to adverse effects can be identified, as can factors which ameliorate or exacerbate burden and strain. Psychosocial interventions have been demonstrated to reduce caregiver burden and depression and delay nursing home admission. Comprehensive management of the patient with dementia includes building a partnership between health professionals and family caregivers, referral to Alzheimer's Associations, and psychosocial interventions where indicated.

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Adult depression screening in Saudi primary care: prevalence, instrument and cost

Waleed Al-Qadhi, Saeed ur Rahman, Mazen Ferwana … (2014)

Background By the year 2020 depression would be the second major cause of disability adjusted life years lost, as reported by the World Health Organization. Depression is a mental illness which causes persistent low mood, a sense of despair, and has multiple risk factors. Its prevalence in primary care varies between 15.3-22%, with global prevalence up to 13% and between 17-46% in Saudi Arabia. Despite several studies that have shown benefit of early diagnosis and cost-savings of up to 80%, physicians in primary care setting continue to miss out on 30-50% of depressed patients in their practices. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted at three large primary care centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia aiming at estimating point prevalence of depression and screening cost among primary care adult patients, and comparing Patient Health Questionnaires PHQ-2 with PHQ-9. Adult individuals were screened using Arabic version of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9. PHQ-2 scores were correlated with PHQ-9 scores using linear regression. A limited cost-analysis and cost saving estimates of depression screening was done using the Human Capital approach. Results Patients included in the survey analysis were 477, of whom 66.2% were females, 77.4% were married, and nearly 20% were illiterate. Patients exhibiting depressive symptoms on the basis of PHQ9 were 49.9%, of which 31% were mild, 13.4% moderate, 4.4% moderate-severe and 1.0% severe cases. Depression scores were significantly associated with female gender (p-value 0.049), and higher educational level (p-value 0.002). Regression analysis showed that PHQ-2 & PHQ-9 were strongly correlated R = 0.79, and R2 = 0.62. The cost-analysis showed savings of up to 500 SAR ($133) per adult patient screened once a year. Conclusion The point prevalence of screened depression is high in primary care visitors in Saudi Arabia. Gender and higher level of education were found to be significantly associated with screened depression. Majority of cases were mild to moderate, PHQ-2 was equivocal to PHQ 9 in utility and that screening for depression in primary care setting is cost saving.

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Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1990–2010

Ziad Memish, Sara Jaber, Ali Mokdad … (2014)

Introduction We report the burden of disease and risk factors measured by causes of death, years of life lost attributable to premature mortality (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1990, 2005, and 2010 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods We used the Global Burden of Diseases 2010 (GBD 2010) methodology to estimate the country-level burden of disease in KSA. We used data from systematic reviews of the literature, household survey data, antenatal clinic surveillance data, reportable disease notifications, disease registries, hospital admissions data, outpatient visit data, population-based cancer registries, active screening data, and other administrative data. Results Noncommunicable diseases and road traffic injuries became the leading cause of death and disability in KSA in 2010. Elevated body mass index was the leading risk factor for disease (7.02% for males and 4.61% for females in 2010). High glucose levels were the second leading disease risk factor for females (3.28%) and third for males (6.25%) in 2010. Preterm birth complications were the main cause for DALYs in 1990; however, in 2010, the leading cause of DALYs for males was road traffic injuries (12.40%) and for females it was major depressive disorder (7.88%). Conclusion KSA is facing a rising burden of noncommunicable diseases and road traffic injuries as a result of rapid changes in behaviors. Our results demonstrate the need for major intervention to reduce these burdens and to engage other sectors of the government and the community in these efforts.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Yasmin A. Altwaijri:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8826-3224

yasmint@kfshrc.edu.sa

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Methods Psychiatr Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Methods Psychiatr Res

Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1557-0657

Journal ID (publisher-id): MPR

Title: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Print): 1049-8931

ISSN (Electronic): 1557-0657

Publication date (Electronic): 15 August 2020

Publication date Collection: September 2020

Volume: 29

Issue: 3 , Special Issue on the Saudi National Mental Health Survey ( doiID: 10.1002/mpr.v29.3 )

Electronic Location Identifier: e1835

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Edrak Medical Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia

[ ² ] SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

[ ³ ] National Center for Mental Health Promotion Ministry of Health Riyadh Saudi Arabia

[ ⁴ ] King Salman Center for Disability Research Riyadh Saudi Arabia

[ ⁵ ] Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence

Yasmin A. Altwaijri, Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.

Email: yasmint@ 123456kfshrc.edu.sa

Author information

Yasmin A. Altwaijri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8826-3224

Article

Publisher ID: MPR1835

DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1835

PMC ID: 7507437

PubMed ID: 33245612

SO-VID: 4bea7cc2-8d6b-4d22-bcaa-e935237a5f54

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

History

Date received : 12 February 2020

Date accepted : 12 April 2020

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 8, Words: 6715

Funding

Funded by: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100004919;

Funded by: Abraaj Capital

Funded by: King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center

Funded by: King Saud University , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100002383;

Funded by: Ministry of Economy and Planning, General Authority for Statistics

Funded by: Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)

Funded by: Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100007164;

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

cover-date September 2020

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.1 mode:remove_FC converted:22.09.2020

ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

Keywords: saudi national mental health survey (snmhs),the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa),the saudi mental healthcare delivery system,who world mental health (wmh) survey initiative

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

Keywords: saudi national mental health survey (snmhs), the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa), the saudi mental healthcare delivery system, who world mental health (wmh) survey initiative

Overview of the Saudi National Mental Health Survey

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Abstract

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King Salman Center for Disability Research - Sponsored Research Output

Most cited references 33

Family caregivers of people with dementia

Adult depression screening in Saudi primary care: prevalence, instrument and cost

Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1990–2010

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