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      Review of the European Eumenes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) using morphology and DNA barcodes, with an illustrated key to species

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          Abstract

          The European species of the potter wasp genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 ( Vespidae , Eumeninae ) are illustrated and a new illustrated key to the 13 recognised species is presented. Eumenes mediterraneus aemilianus Guiglia, 1951 is synonymised with E. papillarius (Christ, 1791) ( syn. nov.), E. obscurus André, 1884 and E. andrei Dalla Torre, 1894 with E. pedunculatus (Panzer, 1799) ( syn. nov.) and E. crimensis Blüthgen, 1938 with E. sareptanus André, 1884 ( syn. nov.).

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          Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.

          Although much biological research depends upon species diagnoses, taxonomic expertise is collapsing. We are convinced that the sole prospect for a sustainable identification capability lies in the construction of systems that employ DNA sequences as taxon 'barcodes'. We establish that the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) can serve as the core of a global bioidentification system for animals. First, we demonstrate that COI profiles, derived from the low-density sampling of higher taxonomic categories, ordinarily assign newly analysed taxa to the appropriate phylum or order. Second, we demonstrate that species-level assignments can be obtained by creating comprehensive COI profiles. A model COI profile, based upon the analysis of a single individual from each of 200 closely allied species of lepidopterans, was 100% successful in correctly identifying subsequent specimens. When fully developed, a COI identification system will provide a reliable, cost-effective and accessible solution to the current problem of species identification. Its assembly will also generate important new insights into the diversification of life and the rules of molecular evolution.
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            DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates.

            M Beier (1966)
            We describe "universal" DNA primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 710-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from 11 invertebrate phyla: Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annelida, Pogonophora, Arthropoda, Nemertinea, Echiura, Sipuncula, Platyhelminthes, Tardigrada, and Coelenterata, as well as the putative phylum Vestimentifera. Preliminary comparisons revealed that these COI primers generate informative sequences for phylogenetic analyses at the species and higher taxonomic levels.
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              Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator.

              Astraptes fulgerator, first described in 1775, is a common and widely distributed neotropical skipper butterfly (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). We combine 25 years of natural history observations in northwestern Costa Rica with morphological study and DNA barcoding of museum specimens to show that A. fulgerator is a complex of at least 10 species in this region. Largely sympatric, these taxa have mostly different caterpillar food plants, mostly distinctive caterpillars, and somewhat different ecosystem preferences but only subtly differing adults with no genitalic divergence. Our results add to the evidence that cryptic species are prevalent in tropical regions, a critical issue in efforts to document global species richness. They also illustrate the value of DNA barcoding, especially when coupled with traditional taxonomic tools, in disclosing hidden diversity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2023
                31 January 2023
                : 1143
                : 93-163
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden Netherlands
                [2 ] European Invertebrate Survey – Netherlands, P.O. 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands European Invertebrate Survey Leiden Netherlands
                [3 ] Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tzar Osvoboditel Boulevard 1, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Cornelis van Achterberg (kees@vanachterberg.org)

                Academic editor: Andreas Köhler

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6495-4853
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-5183
                Article
                94951
                10.3897/zookeys.1143.94951
                10208603
                4c1ba40e-f3aa-459b-b16f-77d86442f66a
                Cornelis van Achterberg, John T. Smit, Toshko Ljubomirov

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 September 2022
                : 11 December 2022
                Categories
                Research Article
                Hymenoptera
                Vespidae
                Faunistics & Distribution
                Identification key
                Molecular systematics
                Phylogeny
                Systematics
                Taxonomy
                Cenozoic
                Neogene
                Europe

                Animal science & Zoology
                biology,coi barcode,eumeninae,new synonymy,potter wasp,systematics,taxonomy,variation
                Animal science & Zoology
                biology, coi barcode, eumeninae, new synonymy, potter wasp, systematics, taxonomy, variation

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