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      Management of patients with hip fracture receiving anticoagulation: What are we doing in Canada?

      research-article
      , MD , , RN, BN, , MSc, , MD, MSc, , BKin, , MBBS
      Canadian Journal of Surgery
      CMA Joule Inc.

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are rapidly replacing warfarin for therapeutic anticoagulation; however, many DOACs are irreversible and may complicate bleeding in emergent situations such as hip fracture. In this setting, there is a lack of clear guidelines for the timing of surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current practices of Canadian orthopedic surgeons who manage patients with hip fracture receiving anticoagulation.

          Methods:

          In January–March 2018, we administered a purpose-specific cross-sectional survey to all currently practising orthopedic surgeons in Canada who had performed hip fracture surgery in 2017. The survey evaluated approaches to decision-making and timing of surgery in patients with hip fracture receiving anticoagulation.

          Results:

          A total of 280 surgeons representing a mix of academic and community practice, seniority and fellowship training responded. Nearly one-quarter of respondents (66 [23.4%]) were members of the Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS). Almost three-quarters (206 [73.6%]) felt that adequate clinical guidelines for patients with hip fracture receiving anticoagulation did not exist, and 177 (61.9%) indicated that anesthesiology or internal medicine had a greater influence on the timing of surgery than the attending surgeon. A total of 117/273 respondents (42.9%) indicated that patients taking warfarin should have immediate surgery (with or without reversal), compared to 63/270 (23.3%) for patients taking a DOAC ( p < 0.001). Members of COTS were more likely than nonmembers to advocate for immediate surgery in all patients ( p < 0.05).

          Conclusion:

          There is wide variability in Canada in the management of patients with hip fracture receiving anticoagulation. Improved multidisciplinary communication, prospectively evaluated treatment guidelines and focus on knowledge translation may add clarity to this issue. Level of evidence: IV.

          Translated abstract

          Contexte:

          Les anticoagulants oraux directs (AOD) prennent rapidement la place de la warfarine en anticoagulothérapie; or, de nombreux AOD sont irréversibles et peuvent compliquer une hémorragie en cas d’incident comme une fracture de la hanche. Dans ce contexte, il n’y a pas de recommandations claires pour choisir le moment de l’opération. Cette étude avait pour but d’évaluer les pratiques actuelles des chirurgiens orthopédistes canadiens qui traitent des patients avec fracture de la hanche sous anticoagulothérapie.

          Méthodes:

          De janvier à mars 2018, nous avons réalisé un sondage transversal ciblé auprès des chirurgiens orthopédistes en exercice au Canada qui avaient opéré des hanches fracturées en 2017. Ce sondage a servi à évaluer leurs approches concernant la prise de décision et le moment choisi pour opérer les patients avec fracture de la hanche sous anticoagulothérapie.

          Résultats:

          Au total, 280 chirurgiens représentant une multitude de cliniques universitaires et communautaires, de niveaux d’ancienneté et de surspécialités ont participé. Près du quart des répondants (66 [23,4 %]) étaient membres de la Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS). Près des trois quarts (206 [73,6 %]) considéraient qu’il n’y avait pas de directives cliniques adéquates pour les cas de fracture de la hanche sous anticoagulothérapie, et 177 (61,9 %) ont indiqué que l’anesthésie ou la médecine interne avait une plus grande influence que le chirurgien traitant sur le moment choisi pour opérer. Selon 117 répondants sur 273 (42,9 %), les patients prenant de la warfarine devraient être opérés sans délai (avec ou sans réversibilité), comparativement à 63 sur 270 (23,3 %) pour les patients prenant des AOD ( p < 0,001). Les membres de la COTS étaient plus susceptibles que les autres de préconiser une opération immédiate chez tous les patients ( p < 0,05).

          Conclusion:

          Au Canada, la prise en charge des patients avec fracture de la hanche sous anticoagulothérapie varie considérablement. Le fait d’améliorer la communication transdisciplinaire, d’évaluer prospectivement les directives sur les traitements et de tabler sur l’application des connaissances pourrait clarifier la question. Niveau de preuve : IV.

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          Most cited references30

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          Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

          Vitamin K antagonists are highly effective in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation but have several limitations. Apixaban is a novel oral direct factor Xa inhibitor that has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke in a similar population in comparison with aspirin. In this randomized, double-blind trial, we compared apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) with warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0) in 18,201 patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one additional risk factor for stroke. The primary outcome was ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. The trial was designed to test for noninferiority, with key secondary objectives of testing for superiority with respect to the primary outcome and to the rates of major bleeding and death from any cause. The median duration of follow-up was 1.8 years. The rate of the primary outcome was 1.27% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 1.60% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.95; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.01 for superiority). The rate of major bleeding was 2.13% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 3.09% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.80; P<0.001), and the rates of death from any cause were 3.52% and 3.94%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.99; P=0.047). The rate of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.24% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 0.47% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.75; P<0.001), and the rate of ischemic or uncertain type of stroke was 0.97% per year in the apixaban group and 1.05% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.13; P=0.42). In patients with atrial fibrillation, apixaban was superior to warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism, caused less bleeding, and resulted in lower mortality. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ARISTOTLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00412984.).
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            Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

            The use of warfarin reduces the rate of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation but requires frequent monitoring and dose adjustment. Rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, may provide more consistent and predictable anticoagulation than warfarin. In a double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 14,264 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who were at increased risk for stroke to receive either rivaroxaban (at a daily dose of 20 mg) or dose-adjusted warfarin. The per-protocol, as-treated primary analysis was designed to determine whether rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin for the primary end point of stroke or systemic embolism. In the primary analysis, the primary end point occurred in 188 patients in the rivaroxaban group (1.7% per year) and in 241 in the warfarin group (2.2% per year) (hazard ratio in the rivaroxaban group, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.96; P<0.001 for noninferiority). In the intention-to-treat analysis, the primary end point occurred in 269 patients in the rivaroxaban group (2.1% per year) and in 306 patients in the warfarin group (2.4% per year) (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.03; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.12 for superiority). Major and nonmajor clinically relevant bleeding occurred in 1475 patients in the rivaroxaban group (14.9% per year) and in 1449 in the warfarin group (14.5% per year) (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.11; P=0.44), with significant reductions in intracranial hemorrhage (0.5% vs. 0.7%, P=0.02) and fatal bleeding (0.2% vs. 0.5%, P=0.003) in the rivaroxaban group. In patients with atrial fibrillation, rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin for the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism. There was no significant between-group difference in the risk of major bleeding, although intracranial and fatal bleeding occurred less frequently in the rivaroxaban group. (Funded by Johnson & Johnson and Bayer; ROCKET AF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00403767.).
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              • Record: found
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              • Article: not found

              Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.

              Warfarin reduces the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation but increases the risk of hemorrhage and is difficult to use. Dabigatran is a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor. In this noninferiority trial, we randomly assigned 18,113 patients who had atrial fibrillation and a risk of stroke to receive, in a blinded fashion, fixed doses of dabigatran--110 mg or 150 mg twice daily--or, in an unblinded fashion, adjusted-dose warfarin. The median duration of the follow-up period was 2.0 years. The primary outcome was stroke or systemic embolism. Rates of the primary outcome were 1.69% per year in the warfarin group, as compared with 1.53% per year in the group that received 110 mg of dabigatran (relative risk with dabigatran, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.11; P<0.001 for noninferiority) and 1.11% per year in the group that received 150 mg of dabigatran (relative risk, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.82; P<0.001 for superiority). The rate of major bleeding was 3.36% per year in the warfarin group, as compared with 2.71% per year in the group receiving 110 mg of dabigatran (P=0.003) and 3.11% per year in the group receiving 150 mg of dabigatran (P=0.31). The rate of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.38% per year in the warfarin group, as compared with 0.12% per year with 110 mg of dabigatran (P<0.001) and 0.10% per year with 150 mg of dabigatran (P<0.001). The mortality rate was 4.13% per year in the warfarin group, as compared with 3.75% per year with 110 mg of dabigatran (P=0.13) and 3.64% per year with 150 mg of dabigatran (P=0.051). In patients with atrial fibrillation, dabigatran given at a dose of 110 mg was associated with rates of stroke and systemic embolism that were similar to those associated with warfarin, as well as lower rates of major hemorrhage. Dabigatran administered at a dose of 150 mg, as compared with warfarin, was associated with lower rates of stroke and systemic embolism but similar rates of major hemorrhage. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00262600.) 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Surg
                Can J Surg
                jpn
                0372715
                Canadian Journal of Surgery
                CMA Joule Inc.
                0008-428X
                1488-2310
                Sep-Oct 2021
                01 October 2021
                : 64
                : 5
                : E510-E515
                Affiliations
                From the Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (White, Reitzel, Doyle-Baker, Sabo, Samuel); the McCaig Institute of Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alta. (White, Sabo); and the South Campus Research Unit for Bone and Soft Tissue, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Mattiello)
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: N. White, South Campus Research Unit for Bone and Soft Tissue, Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 310265 4448 Front St SE, Calgary AB T3M 1M4, neiljwhite@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                064e510
                10.1503/cjs.018520
                8526126
                34598928
                4cf3ba11-e000-4469-93a9-d176d573885e
                © 2021 CMA Joule Inc. or its licensors

                This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original publication is properly cited, the use is noncommercial (i.e., research or educational use), and no modifications or adaptations are made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

                History
                : 28 October 2020
                Categories
                Research

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