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      Atypical odontalgia: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management Translated title: Odontalgia atípica: fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Atypical odontalgia, a subtype of persistent idiopathic facial pain, is characterized by continuous pain in one tooth or more, or inside the alveolus after exodontia, with no apparent clinical causes. These patients run the risk of going through unnecessary dental/surgical procedures which would worsen their pain. Since the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of atypical odontalgia are not clear, this article aims to present an integrative literature review about these aspects. CONTENTS: A review of articles related to the topic was conducted on the Pubmed database using the keywords “atypical odontalgia” OR “phantom tooth pain” OR “idiopathic tooth pain” OR “odontalgia” OR “odontalgias” OR “atypical toothache”. Applying the inclusion criteria (publications in the last ten years, in English, as clinical trials, multicenter studies, case reports, reviews, integrative and systematic reviews, 114 articles were found, and 39 were selected after the application of the exclusion criteria (articles with no relation to the topic). CONCLUSION: Although studies suggest the involvement of strong neuropathic mechanism, the psychological/psychiatric aspects might be considered not as a primary cause, but as an aggravator of the patient´s pain. Knowledge of other pathologies is recommended in order to determine the differential diagnosis. Also, complementary image tests, qualitative somatosensorial test, and reference to an orofacial pain specialist should be considered. In case of uncertain diagnosis, it is recommended to avoid any dental procedures because the pain can get worse.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A odontalgia atípica, um subtipo da dor facial idiopática persistente, se caracteriza por dor contínua em um ou mais dentes, ou no alvéolo, após exodontia sem qualquer causa aparente e é um desafio para o dentista. O desconhecimento por parte do profissional pode levar a procedimentos odontológicos desnecessários e mutiladores, piorando e/ou cronificando a dor do paciente. Diante desse panorama, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar informações referentes à fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da odontalgia atípica através de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. CONTEÚDO: A busca na base de dados Pubmed foi realizada com os termos: “atypical odontalgia” OR “phantom tooth pain” OR “idiopathic tooth pain” OR “odontalgia” OR “odontalgias” OR “atypical toothache”. Aplicando-se critérios de inclusão (publicações nos últimos 10 anos, de língua inglesa, tipo ensaio clínico, estudo multicêntrico, relato de caso, revisão, revisão integrativa científica e sistemática) foram encontrados 114 artigos, dos quais 39 foram selecionados após aplicação do critério de exclusão (trabalhos sem relação com o tema). CONCLUSÃO: Embora os estudos apontem forte envolvimento de mecanismos neuropáticos, aspectos psicogênicos/psiquiátricos devem ser levados em consideração como agravante do estado de dor do paciente. Sugere-se conhecimento sobre as outras doenças existentes para se realizar um diagnóstico diferencial, exames complementares de imagem, realização do teste somatossensorial qualitativo, encaminhamento a um especialista em dor orofacial e neurologista, e em casos de dúvida, não realizar nenhum procedimento a fim de não piorar a sua dor.

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          Most cited references54

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          The integrative review: updated methodology.

          The aim of this paper is to distinguish the integrative review method from other review methods and to propose methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method to enhance the rigour of the process. Recent evidence-based practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of reviews of the literature (integrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and qualitative reviews). The integrative review method is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and non-experimental research), and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence-based practice for nursing. With respect to the integrative review method, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain poorly formulated. A modified framework for research reviews is presented to address issues specific to the integrative review method. Issues related to specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analysing data, and presenting the results are discussed. Data analysis methods of qualitative research are proposed as strategies that enhance the rigour of combining diverse methodologies as well as empirical and theoretical sources in an integrative review. An updated integrative review method has the potential to allow for diverse primary research methods to become a greater part of evidence-based practice initiatives.
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            Multi-dimensionality of chronic pain of the oral cavity and face

            Orofacial pain in its broadest definition can affect up to 7% of the population. Its diagnosis and initial management falls between dentists and doctors and in the secondary care sector among pain physicians, headache neurologists and oral physicians. Chronic facial pain is a long term condition and like all other chronic pain is associated with numerous co-morbidities and treatment outcomes are often related to the presenting co-morbidities such as depression, anxiety, catastrophising and presence of other chronic pain which must be addressed as part of management . The majority of orofacial pain is continuous so a history of episodic pain narrows down the differentials. There are specific oral conditions that rarely present extra orally such as atypical odontalgia and burning mouth syndrome whereas others will present in both areas. Musculoskeletal pain related to the muscles of mastication is very common and may also be associated with disc problems. Trigeminal neuralgia and the rarer glossopharyngeal neuralgia are specific diagnosis with defined care pathways. Other trigeminal neuropathic pain which can be associated with neuropathy is caused most frequently by trauma but secondary causes such as malignancy, infection and auto-immune causes need to be considered. Management is along the lines of other neuropathic pain using accepted pharmacotherapy with psychological support. If no other diagnostic criteria are fulfilled than a diagnosis of chronic or persistent idiopathic facial pain is made and often a combination of antidepressants and cognitive behaviour therapy is effective. Facial pain patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary team.
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              Persistent idiopathic facial pain

              Background Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) is a chronic disorder recurring daily for more than two hours per day over more than three months, in the absence of clinical neurological deficit. PIFP is the current terminology for Atypical Facial Pain and is characterized by daily or near daily pain that is initially confined but may subsequently spread. Pain cannot be attributed to any pathological process, although traumatic neuropathic mechanisms are suspected. When present intraorally, PIFP has been termed 'Atypical Odontalgia', and this entity is discussed in a separate article in this special issue. PIFP is often a difficult but important differential diagnosis among chronic facial pain syndromes. Aim To summarize current knowledge on diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of PIFP. Methods We present a narrative review reporting current literature and personal experience. Additionally, we discuss and differentiate the common differential diagnoses associated with PIFP including traumatic trigeminal neuropathies, regional myofascial pain, atypical neurovascular pains and atypical trigeminal neuropathic pains. Results and conclusion The underlying pathophysiology in PIFP is still enigmatic, however neuropathic mechanisms may be relevant. PIFP needs interdisciplinary collaboration to rule out and manage secondary causes, psychiatric comorbidities and other facial pain syndromes, particularly trigeminal neuralgia. Burden of disease and psychiatric comorbidity screening is recommended at an early stage of disease, and should be addressed in the management plan. Future research is needed to establish clear diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies based on clinical findings and individual pathophysiology.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                brjp
                BrJP
                BrJP
                Sociedade Brasileira para o Estudo da Dor (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                2595-0118
                2595-3192
                December 2019
                : 2
                : 4
                : 368-373
                Affiliations
                [2] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Cruzeiro do Sul orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia Brazil
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Cruzeiro do Sul orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia Brazil
                Article
                S2595-31922019000400368
                10.5935/2595-0118.20190067
                4df9eb8c-00a6-4a20-857f-c686baaf3d26

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 March 2019
                : 24 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Review Articles

                Odontalgia,Atypical odontalgia,Endodontic,Endodontia,Odontalgia atípica

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