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      The Occurrence of Potential Harmful Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in the Obrzyca River (Poland), a Source of Drinking Water

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          Abstract

          Harmful cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins may contaminate drinking water resources and their effective control remains challenging. The present study reports on cyanobacterial blooms and associated cyanotoxins in the Obrzyca River, a source of drinking water in Poland. The river was examined from July to October 2019 and concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin were monitored. The toxicity of water samples was also tested using an ecotoxicological assay. All studied cyanotoxins were detected with microcystins revealing the highest levels. Maximal microcystin concentrations (3.97 μg/L) were determined in September at Uście point, exceeding the provisional guideline. Extracts from Uście point, where the dominant species were Dolichospermum flos-aquae (August), Microcystis aeruginosa (September), and Planktothrix agardhii (October), were toxic for Dugesia tigrina Girard. Microcystin concentrations (MC-LR and MC-RR) were positively correlated with cyanobacteria biovolume. Analysis of the chemical indicators of water quality has shown relationships between them and microcystins as well as cyanobacteria abundance.

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          Effects of toxic cyanobacteria and purified toxins on the survival and feeding of a copepod and three species of Daphnia

          Wayne Carmichael, William R. DeMott, Qing-Xue Zhang (1991)
          Article 0 comments Cited 74 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Toxic cyanobacteria and drinking water: Impacts, detection, and treatment.

            Harold Walker, David C. Szlag, Paula J. Mouser … (2016)
            Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in water supply systems are a global issue affecting water supplies on every major continent except Antarctica. The occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in freshwater is increasing in both frequency and distribution. The protection of water supplies has therefore become increasingly more challenging. To reduce the risk from toxic cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water, a multi-barrier approach is needed, consisting of prevention, source control, treatment optimization, and monitoring. In this paper, current research on some of the critical elements of this multi-barrier approach are reviewed and synthesized, with an emphasis on the effectiveness of water treatment technologies for removing cyanobacteria and related toxic compounds. This paper synthesizes and updates a number of previous review articles on various aspects of this multi-barrier approach in order to provide a holistic resource for researchers, water managers and engineers, as well as water treatment plant operators.
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              Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings

              Zorica Svircev, Dijana Lalić, Gorenka Bojadzija Savic … (2019)
              Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic organisms which occur in aquatic and terrestrial environments. They have the potential to produce toxins which pose a threat to human and animal health. This review covers the global distribution of the common cyanotoxins and related poisoning cases. A total of 468 selected articles on toxic cyanobacteria, dating from the earliest records until 2018, were reviewed. Most of the articles were published after 2000 (72%; 337 out of 468), which is consistent with the recent growth in interest in the analysis, toxinology and ecotoxicology of cyanotoxins. Animal and/or human poisoning cases were described in more than a third of the overall publications (38%; 177 out of 468). The reviewed publications showed that there were 1118 recorded identifications of major cyanotoxins in 869 freshwater ecosystems from 66 countries throughout the world. Microcystins were the most often recorded cyanotoxins worldwide (63%; 699 out of 1118), followed by cylindrospermopsin (10%; 107 out of 1118), anatoxins (9%; 100 out of 1118), and saxitoxins (8%; 93 out of 1118). Nodularins were the most rarely recorded cyanotoxins (2%; 19 out of 1118); however, there were also reports where cyanotoxins were not analysed or specified (9%; 100 out of 1118). The most commonly found toxic cyanobacterial genera were Microcystis spp. (669 reports), Anabaena spp. (397 reports), Aphanizomenon spp. (100 reports), Planktothrix spp. (98 reports), and Oscillatoria spp. (75 reports). Furthermore, there were 183 recorded cyanotoxin poisonings of humans and/or animals. Out of all toxic cyanobacterial blooms reviewed in this paper, the highest percentage of associated poisonings was found in North and Central America (39%; 69 cases out of 179), then Europe (20%; 35 out of 179), Australia including New Zealand (15%; 27 out of 179), and Africa (11%; 20 out of 179), while the lowest percentage was related to Asia (8%; 14 cases out of 179) and South America (8%; 14 cases out of 179). Events where only animals were known to have been affected were 63% (114 out of 182), whereas 32% (58 out of 182) of the investigated events involved only humans. A historical overview of human and animal poisoning episodes associated with cyanobacterial blooms is presented. Further, geographical data on the occurrence of cyanotoxins and related poisonings based on the available literature are shown. Some countries (mainly European) have done very intensive research on the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, and reported related ecotoxicological observations, while in some countries the lack of data is apparent. The true global extent of cyanotoxins and associated poisonings is likely to be greater than found in the available literature, and it can be assumed that ecotoxicological and hygienic problems caused by toxic cyanobacteria may occur in more environments.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Toxins (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Toxins (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): toxins
                Title: Toxins
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6651
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: May 2020
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 284
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Water and Sewage Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant in Zielona Góra, Zjednoczenia 110 A, 65-120 Zielona Góra, Poland; wanda.czyzewska@ 123456zwik.zgora.pl
                [2 ]Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland; k.luszczynska@ 123456iis.uz.zgora.pl
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-042X
                Article
                Publisher ID: toxins-12-00284
                DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050284
                PMC ID: 7290984
                PubMed ID: 32354080
                SO-VID: 4e734da1-c364-47b7-9fdc-1f853a4f8c76
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 08 April 2020
                Date accepted : 25 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: cyanobacterial bloom,cyanotoxins,biotoxicological test dugesia tigrina,source of drinking water
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: cyanobacterial bloom, cyanotoxins, biotoxicological test dugesia tigrina, source of drinking water

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