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      Die Rolle elternbeurteilter exekutiver Funktionen zur Schulleistungsprognose Translated title: The Role of Parent-Rated Executive Functions as Predictors of School Performance

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Unter dem Begriff exekutive Funktionen (EF) werden häufig die Komponenten Inhibition, kognitive Flexibilität und Aktualisierung von Arbeitsgedächtnisrepräsentationen subsumiert. EF sind bereichsübergreifende Prädiktoren schulischer Leistungen. Verschiedene Operationalisierungen derselben Komponente, z.B. Performanztests und Elterneinschätzungen, zeigen häufig nur geringe Interkorrelationen. Die Methoden scheinen unterschiedliche Aspekte einer Komponente zu erfassen, daher könnte eine Kombination zur Vorhersage schulischer Leistungen sinnvoll sein. Methode: N = 96 Erst- und Zweitklässler_innen mit und ohne Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten wurden mittels EF-Performanztests und Schulleistungstests zu Mathematik und Lesen untersucht. Per Fragebogen wurden elternbeurteilte EF und als Kontrollvariablen der sozioökonomische Status (SÖS) und das Vorliegen von Merkmalen einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Elternbeurteilungen hatten über die Performanztests hinaus einen bedeutsamen Vorhersagewert für die Mathematik- und Leseleistung. Der Einfluss von Alter, SÖS und ADHS-Merkmalen wurde kontrolliert. Diskussion: Die kombinierte Anwendung beider Erfassungsmethoden scheint somit vorteilhaft für die Prognose schulischer Leistungen und die Prävention von Schulleistungsproblemen.

          The Role of Parent-Rated Executive Functions as Predictors of School Performance

          Abstract. Introduction: The term „executive functions“ (EF) often embraces inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory updating. EF are domain-general predictors of scholastic performance. Different operationalisations of the same component, e.g., individual tests and parent ratings, often show weak interrelations. This indicates that different methods measure different aspects of an EF component. A combination of operationalisation methods might thus enhance the prediction of school performance. Method: N = 96 1 st and 2 nd graders with typical/atypical development were tested with individual EF tests, as well as mathematics and reading tests. Parent-rated EF, socio-economic status (SES) and ADHD symptoms (as control variables) were assessed with a questionnaire. Results: Parent ratings improve the prediction of mathematics and reading performance over and above individual tests. Age, SES and ADHD symptoms were controlled. Discussion: Combining both EF operationalisations provides benefits for prognosis and prevention of scholastic achievement problems.

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          A power primer.

          One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to detect effects at these levels are tabled for eight standard statistical tests: (a) the difference between independent means, (b) the significance of a product-moment correlation, (c) the difference between independent rs, (d) the sign test, (e) the difference between independent proportions, (f) chi-square tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables, (g) one-way analysis of variance, and (h) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial correlation.
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            Executive Functions

            Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.
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              The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

              This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions-mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")-and their roles in complex "frontal lobe" or "executive" tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of Hanoi (TOH), random number generation (RNG), operation span, and dual tasking. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another, but are clearly separable. Moreover, structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions contribute differentially to performance on complex executive tasks. Specifically, WCST performance was related most strongly to Shifting, TOH to Inhibition, RNG to Inhibition and Updating, and operation span to Updating. Dual task performance was not related to any of the three target functions. These results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of executive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to studying the organization and roles of executive functions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                lls
                Lernen und Lernstörungen
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                2235-0977
                2235-0985
                10. Februar 2021
                Januar 2022
                : 11
                : 1 ,
                : 43-54
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Lehrstuhl für Psychologie IV, Universität Würzburg
                Author notes
                PD Dr. Eva Michel, Lehrstuhl für Psychologie IV, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Röntgenring 10, 97070 Würzburg, Deutschland, eva.michel@ 123456uni-wuerzburg.de
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8381-0348
                Article
                lls_11_1_43
                10.1024/2235-0977/a000334
                4ea6adbc-c9b0-4e92-b823-c97824a8b452
                The Author(s) Distributed as a Hogrefe OpenMind article under the license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
                History
                : 22. Oktober 2020
                : 28. Januar 2021
                Funding
                Förderung: Die Studie wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; Mi 1717/1–1) gefördert. Open Access-Publikation ermöglicht durch die Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg .
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                Pediatrics,Psychology,Neurosciences,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Exekutive Funktionen,Prädiktoren von Schulleistungen,ADHS,Mathematik,Lesen,Executive functions,predictors of scholastic performance,ADHD,mathematics,reading

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