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      Mouse models of human ocular disease for translational research

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          Abstract

          Mouse models provide a valuable tool for exploring pathogenic mechanisms underlying inherited human disease. Here, we describe seven mouse models identified through the Translational Vision Research Models (TVRM) program, each carrying a new allele of a gene previously linked to retinal developmental and/or degenerative disease. The mutations include four alleles of three genes linked to human nonsyndromic ocular diseases ( Aipl1 tvrm119 , Aipl1 tvrm127 , Rpgrip1 tvrm111 , Rho Tvrm334 ) and three alleles of genes associated with human syndromic diseases that exhibit ocular phentoypes ( Alms1 tvrm102 , Clcn2 nmf289 , Fkrp tvrm53 ). Phenotypic characterization of each model is provided in the context of existing literature, in some cases refining our current understanding of specific disease attributes. These murine models, on fixed genetic backgrounds, are available for distribution upon request and may be useful for understanding the function of the gene in the retina, the pathological mechanisms induced by its disruption, and for testing experimental approaches to treat the corresponding human ocular diseases.

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          Most cited references112

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          Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor.

          Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to a variety of different external stimuli and activate G proteins. GPCRs share many structural features, including a bundle of seven transmembrane alpha helices connected by six loops of varying lengths. We determined the structure of rhodopsin from diffraction data extending to 2.8 angstroms resolution. The highly organized structure in the extracellular region, including a conserved disulfide bridge, forms a basis for the arrangement of the seven-helix transmembrane motif. The ground-state chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, holds the transmembrane region of the protein in the inactive conformation. Interactions of the chromophore with a cluster of key residues determine the wavelength of the maximum absorption. Changes in these interactions among rhodopsins facilitate color discrimination. Identification of a set of residues that mediate interactions between the transmembrane helices and the cytoplasmic surface, where G-protein activation occurs, also suggests a possible structural change upon photoactivation.
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            The Rd8 mutation of the Crb1 gene is present in vendor lines of C57BL/6N mice and embryonic stem cells, and confounds ocular induced mutant phenotypes.

            We noted an unexpected inheritance pattern of lesions in several strains of gene-manipulated mice with ocular phenotypes. The lesions, which appeared at various stages of backcross to C57BL/6, bore resemblance to the rd8 retinal degeneration phenotype. We set out to examine the prevalence of this mutation in induced mutant mouse lines, vendor C57BL/6 mice and in widely used embryonic stem cells. Ocular lesions were evaluated by fundus examination and histopathology. Detection of the rd8 mutation at the genetic level was performed by PCR with appropriate primers. Data were confirmed by DNA sequencing in selected cases. Analysis of several induced mutant mouse lines with ocular disease phenotypes revealed that the disease was associated 100% with the presence of the rd8 mutation in the Crb1 gene rather than with the gene of interest. DNA analysis of C57BL/6 mice from common commercial vendors demonstrated the presence of the rd8 mutation in homozygous form in all C57BL/6N substrains, but not in the C57BL/6J substrain. A series of commercially available embryonic stem cells of C57BL/6N origin and C57BL/6N mouse lines used to generate ES cells also contained the rd8 mutation. Affected mice displayed ocular lesions typical of rd8, which were detectable by funduscopy and histopathology as early as 6 weeks of age. These findings identify the presence of the rd8 mutation in the C57BL/6N mouse substrain used widely to produce transgenic and knockout mice. The results have grave implications for the vision research community who develop mouse lines to study eye disease, as presence of rd8 can produce significant disease phenotypes unrelated to the gene or genes of interest. It is suggested that researchers screen for rd8 if their mouse lines were generated on the C57BL/6N background, bear resemblance to the rd8 phenotype, or are of indeterminate origin.
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              The knockout mouse project.

              Mouse knockout technology provides a powerful means of elucidating gene function in vivo, and a publicly available genome-wide collection of mouse knockouts would be significantly enabling for biomedical discovery. To date, published knockouts exist for only about 10% of mouse genes. Furthermore, many of these are limited in utility because they have not been made or phenotyped in standardized ways, and many are not freely available to researchers. It is time to harness new technologies and efficiencies of production to mount a high-throughput international effort to produce and phenotype knockouts for all mouse genes, and place these resources into the public domain.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Validation
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                31 August 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 8
                : e0183837
                Affiliations
                [1 ] The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
                [4 ] Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
                Dalhousie University, CANADA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9017-6066
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-0954
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-0869
                Article
                PONE-D-17-02997
                10.1371/journal.pone.0183837
                5578669
                28859131
                4eaaebab-061e-404d-8854-4a8fc444e99f
                © 2017 Krebs et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 27 January 2017
                : 12 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 11, Tables: 1, Pages: 33
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: EY016501
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: EY011996
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: HD036878
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: CA034196
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000738, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: IP30EY025585
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001818, Research to Prevent Blindness;
                This work is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health ( www.nih.gov/grants-funding) EY016501 (to P.M.N.), EY011996 (to P.M.N.), HD036878 (to J.K.N.), and CA034196 (to The Jackson Laboratory); by a United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( www.hsrd.research.va.gov/cdp/res_career_scientist.cfm) Research Career Scientist Award (to N.S.P.); and by a Foundation Fighting Blindness Center Award ( www.blindness.org), a National Institutes of Health-National Eye Institute Core Grant (IP30EY025585), and an Unrestricted Grant from The Research to Prevent Blindness ( www.rpbusa.org/rpb/?) to the Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
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                Mouse Models
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                Model Organisms
                Mouse Models
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
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                Neurons
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                All data files are available from the Dryad database ( datadryad.org): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/1:0.5061/dryad.5dr62.

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