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      Association between preeclampsia and autism spectrum disorder: a population‐based study

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d1848844e148">The environmental contribution of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is approximately 17%-50%, highlighting the importance of investigating factors potentially contributing to the likelihood of its development, and of gaining a greater understanding of the pathogenesis surrounding ASD. The objective of this study was to examine the association between preeclampsia and ASD using a population-based cohort study. </p>

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          The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders

          Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with lifelong impacts. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to ASD etiology, which remains incompletely understood. Research on ASD epidemiology has made significant advances in the past decade. Current prevalence is estimated to be at least 1.5% in developed countries, with recent increases primarily among those without comorbid intellectual disability. Genetic studies have identified a number of rare de novo mutations and gained footing in the areas of polygenic risk, epigenetics, and gene-by-environment interaction. Epidemiologic investigations focused on nongenetic factors have established advanced parental age and preterm birth as ASD risk factors, indicated that prenatal exposure to air pollution and short interpregnancy interval are potential risk factors, and suggested the need for further exploration of certain prenatal nutrients, metabolic conditions, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We discuss future challenges and goals for ASD epidemiology as well as public health implications.
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            Risk of pre-eclampsia in first and subsequent pregnancies: prospective cohort study

            Objective To investigate whether pre-eclampsia is more common in first pregnancies solely because fewer affected women, who presumably have a higher risk of recurrence, go on to have subsequent pregnancies. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Swedish Medical Birth Register. Participants 763 795 primiparous mothers who had their first births in Sweden, 1987-2004. Main outcome measures Pre-eclampsia. Results The risk of pre-eclampsia was 4.1% in the first pregnancy and 1.7% in later pregnancies overall. However, the risk was 14.7% in the second pregnancy for women who had had pre-eclampsia in their first pregnancy and 31.9% for women who had had pre-eclampsia in the previous two pregnancies. The risk for multiparous women without a history of pre-eclampsia was around 1%. The incidence of pre-eclampsia associated with delivery before 34 weeks’ gestation was 0.42% in primiparous women, 0.11% in multiparous women without a history of pre-eclampsia, and 6.8% and 12.5% in women who had had one or two previous pregnancies affected, respectively. The proportion of women who went on to have a further pregnancy was 4-5% lower after having a pregnancy with any pre-eclampsia but over 10% lower if pre-eclampsia was associated with very preterm delivery. The estimated risk of pre-eclampsia in parous women did not change with standardisation for pregnancy rates. Conclusions Having pre-eclampsia in one pregnancy is a poor predictor of subsequent pregnancy but a strong predictor for recurrence of pre-eclampsia in future gestations. The lower overall risk of pre-eclampsia among parous women was not explained by fewer conceptions among women who had had pre-eclampsia in a previous gestation. Early onset pre-eclampsia might be associated with a reduced likelihood of a future pregnancy and with more recurrences than late onset pre-eclampsia when there are further pregnancies. Findings are consistent with the existence of two distinct conditions: a severe recurrent early onset type affected by chronic factors, genetic or environmental, and a milder sporadic form affected by transient factors.
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              Changes in Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in 2001–2011: Findings from the Stockholm Youth Cohort

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
                J Child Psychol Psychiatr
                Wiley
                0021-9630
                1469-7610
                September 17 2019
                September 17 2019
                Affiliations
                [1 ]INFANT Research Centre Cork Ireland
                [2 ]School of Public Health, Western Gateway Building University College Cork Cork Ireland
                [3 ]Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Western Gateway Building University College Cork Cork Ireland
                [4 ]Department of Public Health Sciences Division of Public Health Epidemiology Karolinska Institutet StockholmSweden
                [5 ]Center for Epidemiology and Community Medicine Stockholm County Council Stockholm Sweden
                [6 ]Department of Women's and Children's Health Institute of Translational Medicine Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
                Article
                10.1111/jcpp.13127
                31531876
                4eca63ab-abe2-4f1d-aa5d-ca463de129ed
                © 2019

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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