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      Einführung von NotSan-Erkundern im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie in der Berliner Notfallrettung Translated title: Introduction of emergency paramedic investigators in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Berlin emergency medical service

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          Abstract

          Hintergrund

          Im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie zeigt sich wiederholt, dass sich eine Vielzahl von Patienten im Verlauf unbeobachtet akut verschlechtert. Dem gegenüber steht eine erhöhte Inanspruchnahme der Notfallrettung mit einer daraus folgenden Ressourcenknappheit, die es erfordert, die Notwendigkeit einer stationären Versorgung zu priorisieren oder entsprechend die Anbindung an eine geeignete ambulante Versorgung sicherzustellen. Bei der Berliner Feuerwehr wurden in dem Zusammenhang NotSan-Erkunder als zusätzliche Einsatzmittel eingeführt.

          Methodik

          Ausgewertet wurden alle Einsätze, zu denen im Zeitraum 28.03.2020 bis 28.04.2020 NotSan-Erkunder der Berliner Notfallrettung entsendet wurden. Hierbei konnten in dem Zeitraum von 31 Tagen 341 Einsätze einbezogen werden. Neben den Daten aus dem Einsatzleitsystem wurde die Einsatzdokumentation ausgewertet.

          Ergebnisse

          In 57 % wurden mNACA-II-Patienten (ambulante Behandlung) vorgefunden (NACA[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Scoringsystem]-Score), in 42 % mNACA-III- (stationäre Behandlung) und in 1 % mNACA-IV-Patienten (drohende Lebensgefahr). In 51 % erfolgte ein Transport in eine Klinik durch die Notfallrettung, in 49 % der Fälle konnte eine alternative Versorgung sichergestellt werden. Hierbei erfolgte in 28 % der Verweis an die hausärztliche Versorgung. In 11 % erfolgte der Verweis an den ärztlichen Bereitschaftsdienst der kassenärztlichen Vereinigung. In 4 % der Fälle wurde über die Leitstelle der Berliner Feuerwehr ein ein KV(Kassenärztliche Vereinigung)-ARE(Akute respiratorische Erkrankung)-Erkunder hinzugezogen.

          Diskussion

          Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass einem zusätzlichen Einsatzmittel in einer Pandemielage eine wichtige Funktion im Sinne einer Ersteinschätzung und Lotsenfunktion zukommen kann. Hierdurch kann es zu einer Entlastung der Notfallrettung, aber auch von weiterführenden Versorgungseinrichtungen kommen. Die standardisierte Notrufabfrage ermöglicht auch hier die Anbindung an entsprechende Codes aus dem niedrigprioritären Einsatzspektrum, weiterhin bietet die Unterstützung durch den Telenotarzt eine erweiterte Handlungskompetenz für die Notfallsanitäter.

          Translated abstract

          Background

          It has been shown throughout the COVID-19 pandemic that the condition of a number of patients deteriorates acutely when not monitored. This is set against an increased demand for emergency medical services and the resulting scarcity of resources, which makes it necessary to prioritise inpatient treatment or ensure that patients are provided with appropriate outpatient care. In this context, the Berlin Fire Department has introduced emergency paramedic investigators (NotSan-Erkunder) as an additional operating resource.

          Methodology

          We assessed all operations from 28.03.2020 to 28.04.2020 during which Emergency Paramedic Investigators of the Berlin emergency services were deployed. A total of 341 operations were included from the 31 days. Alongside data from the dispatch system, all operational documentation was assessed.

          Results

          In 57% of cases, mNACA II patients (outpatient treatment) were identified, in 42% of cases, mNACA III patients (inpatient treatment) were identified, and in 1% of cases, mNACA IV (imminent danger to life) patients were identified. In 51% of cases, the emergency services transported the patient to a hospital, and in 49%, alternative care measures were employed. These included referral to a local physician in 28% of cases. In 11% of cases, patients were referred to on-call services of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (KV in German). In 4% of cases, the Berlin Fire Department emergency dispatch center deployed a physician of the KV (KV-ARE investigator).

          Discussion

          The results show that additional operational resources serve an important function during a pandemic with regards to an initial assessment and pilot function. This can help relieve not only the emergency services but also the medical facilities responsible for providing further care. The standardised dispatch enquiry enables the linking with the appropriate codes from the low-priority operational spectrum and support by a Tele-emergency physician lends additional professional competency to the emergency paramedics.

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          Most cited references9

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          Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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            Potential association between COVID-19 mortality and health-care resource availability

            The ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is devastating, despite extensive implementation of control measures. The outbreak was sparked in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province in China, and quickly spread to different regions of Hubei and across all other Chinese provinces. As recorded by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), by Feb 16, 2020, there had been 70 641 confirmed cases and 1772 deaths due to COVID-19, with an average mortality of about 2·5%. 1 However, in-depth analysis of these data show clear disparities in mortality rates between Wuhan (>3%), different regions of Hubei (about 2·9% on average), and across the other provinces of China (about 0·7% on average). We postulate that this is likely to be related to the rapid escalation in the number of infections around the epicentre of the outbreak, which has resulted in an insufficiency of health-care resources, thereby negatively affecting patient outcomes in Hubei, while this has not yet been the situation for the other parts of China (figure A, B ). If we assume that average levels of health care are similar throughout China, higher numbers of infections in a given population can be considered an indirect indicator of a heavier health-care burden. Plotting mortality against the incidence of COVID-19 (cumulative number of confirmed cases since the start of the outbreak, per 10 000 population) showed a significant positive correlation (figure C), suggesting that mortality is correlated with health-care burden. Figure Mortality and incidence of COVID-19 in Hubei and other provinces of China Mortality (A) and cumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 since the start of the outbreak per 10 000 population (B) in Hubei and other provinces of China. Horizontal lines represent median and IQR. p values were from Mann-Whitney U test. (C) Correlation between mortality and number of cases per 10 000 population (Spearman method). Data were obtained from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention to Feb 16, 2020. COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019. In reality, there are substantial regional disparities in health-care resource availability and accessibility in China. 2 Such disparities might partly explain the low mortality rates—despite high numbers of cases—in the most developed southeastern coastal provinces, such as Zhejiang (0 deaths among 1171 confirmed cases) and Guangdong (four deaths among 1322 cases [0·3%]). The Chinese government has realised the logistical hurdles associated with medical supplies in the epicentre of the outbreak, and has strived to accelerate deliveries, mobilise the country's large and strong medical forces, and rapidly build new local medical facilities. These measures are essential for controlling the epidemic, protecting health workers on the front line, and mitigating the severity of patient outcomes. Acknowledging the potential association of mortality with health-care resource availability might help other regions of China, which are now beginning to struggle with this outbreak, to be better prepared. More importantly, as COVID-19 is already affecting at least 29 countries and territories worldwide, including one north African country, the situation in China could help to inform other resource-limited regions on how to prepare for possible local outbreaks. 3
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              Emergency Responses to Covid-19 Outbreak: Experiences and Lessons from a General Hospital in Nanjing, China

              Background The novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused wide dissemination across the world. Global health systems are facing the unprecedented challenges. Here we shared the experiences and lessons in emergency responses and management from our hospital, a government-assigned regional anti-Covid-19 general hospital in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Methods Our periodic strategies in dealing with Covid-19 were described in detail. An administrative response including the establishment of Emergency Leadership Committee that was in full charge of management was established. Modifications of infrastructure including the Fever Clinic, inpatient ward, outpatient clinic and operation room were carried out. Special arrangements for outpatient services, hospitalization and surgeries were introduced. Medical personnel training and patient educations were performed. Initiations of Covid-19 researches and application of information technology were introduced. Findings Since January 16, three cases have been confirmed in our hospital and no healthcare-associated infection was found. During the epidemics, 6.46% staffs suffered depression, 9.87% had anxiety, and 98% were satisfied with the infection control policy. Shortages in staffs and medical consumables, and limitation in space were the obstacles we encountered. Interpretation As the cost of in-hospital transmission is unbearable, our experiences and lessons suggested that prompt actions should be taken immediately to decrease or eliminate potential in-hospital transmission. Experience shared herein may be useful for those facilities that are and may encounter Covid-19.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Florian.Breuer@berliner-feuerwehr.de
                Journal
                Notf Rett Med
                Notf Rett Med
                Notfall & Rettungsmedizin
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                1434-6222
                1436-0578
                28 September 2020
                : 1-10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Ärztliche Leitung Rettungsdienst, Berliner Feuerwehr, Voltairestr. 2, 10179 Berlin, Deutschland
                [2 ]GRID grid.412581.b, ISNI 0000 0000 9024 6397, Fakultät für Gesundheit, Department Humanmedizin, , Universität Witten/Herdecke, ; Witten, Deutschland
                Article
                786
                10.1007/s10049-020-00786-5
                7521198
                33013194
                4ecfc7a5-a223-4b55-a555-7184be531807
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 28 August 2020
                Categories
                Originalien

                notfallmedizin,rettungsleitstelle,sars-cov‑2,telenotarzt,notfallsanitäter,prehospital medical care,emergency dispatch center,tele-emergency physician,emergency paramedic

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