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      Resilience of infaunal ecosystems during the Early Triassic greenhouse Earth

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          Abstract

          The Permian-Triassic mass extinction severely depleted biodiversity, primarily observed in the body fossil of well-skeletonized animals. Understanding how whole ecosystems were affected and rebuilt following the crisis requires evidence from both skeletonized and soft-bodied animals; the best comprehensive information on soft-bodied animals comes from ichnofossils. We analyzed abundant trace fossils from 26 sections across the Permian-Triassic boundary in China and report key metrics of ichnodiversity, ichnodisparity, ecospace utilization, and ecosystem engineering. We find that infaunal ecologic structure was well established in the early Smithian. Decoupling of diversity between deposit feeders and suspension feeders in carbonate ramp-platform settings implies that an effect of trophic group amensalism could have delayed the recovery of nonmotile, suspension-feeding epifauna in the Early Triassic. This differential reaction of infaunal ecosystems to variable environmental controls thus played a substantial but heretofore little appreciated evolutionary and ecologic role in the overall recovery in the hot Early Triassic ocean.

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          Abstract

          Soft-bodied bioturbating animals played a substantial ecologic role after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

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          Phanerozoic trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates.

          John Alroy, Martin Aberhan, David Bottjer … (2008)
          It has previously been thought that there was a steep Cretaceous and Cenozoic radiation of marine invertebrates. This pattern can be replicated with a new data set of fossil occurrences representing 3.5 million specimens, but only when older analytical protocols are used. Moreover, analyses that employ sampling standardization and more robust counting methods show a modest rise in diversity with no clear trend after the mid-Cretaceous. Globally, locally, and at both high and low latitudes, diversity was less than twice as high in the Neogene as in the mid-Paleozoic. The ratio of global to local richness has changed little, and a latitudinal diversity gradient was present in the early Paleozoic.
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            Lethally hot temperatures during the Early Triassic greenhouse.

            Yadong Sun, Michael Joachimski, Paul B. Wignall … (2012)
            Global warming is widely regarded to have played a contributing role in numerous past biotic crises. Here, we show that the end-Permian mass extinction coincided with a rapid temperature rise to exceptionally high values in the Early Triassic that were inimical to life in equatorial latitudes and suppressed ecosystem recovery. This was manifested in the loss of calcareous algae, the near-absence of fish in equatorial Tethys, and the dominance of small taxa of invertebrates during the thermal maxima. High temperatures drove most Early Triassic plants and animals out of equatorial terrestrial ecosystems and probably were a major cause of the end-Smithian crisis.
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              A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions

              J. John Sepkoski (1984)
              A three-phase kinetic model with time-specific perturbations is used to describe large-scale patterns in the diversification of Phanerozoic marine families. The basic model assumes that the Cambrian, Paleozoic, and Modern evolutionary faunas each diversified logistically as a consequence of early exponential growth and of later slowing of growth as the ecosystems became filled; it also assumes interaction among the evolutionary faunas such that expansion of the combined diversities of all three faunas above any single fauna's equilibrium caused that fauna's diversity to begin to decline. This basic model adequately describes the diversification of the evolutionary faunas through the Paleozoic Era as well as the asymmetrical rise and fall of background extinction rates through the entire Phanerozoic. Declines in diversity and changes in faunal dominance associated with mass extinctions can be accommodated in the model with short-term accelerations in extinction rates or declines in equilibria. Such accelerations, or perturbations, cause diversity to decline exponentially and then to rebound sigmoidally following release. The amount of decline is dependent on the magnitude and duration of the perturbation, the timing of the perturbation with respect to the diversification of the system, and the system's initial per-taxon rates of diversification and turnover. When applied to the three-phase model, such perturbations describe the changes in diversity and faunal dominance during and after major mass extinctions, the long-term rise in total diversity following the Late Permian and Norian mass extinctions, and the peculiar diversification and then decline of the remnants of the Paleozoic fauna during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. The good fit of this model to data on Phanerozoic familial diversity suggests that many of the large-scale patterns of diversification seen in the marine fossil record of animal families are simple consequences of nonlinear interrelationships among a small number of parameters that are intrinsic to the evolutionary faunas and are largely (but not completely) invariant through time.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xueqian Feng:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3765-9824
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Zhong-Qiang Chen:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5341-6913
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Michael J. Benton:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-1824
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Chunmei Su: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                David J. Bottjer: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Alison T. Cribb:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8604-6100
                Role: Writing - review & editing
                Ziheng Li: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Laishi Zhao: Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: Validation
                Guangyou Zhu: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Validation
                Yuangeng Huang:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2900-3331
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Zhen Guo: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Adv
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Adv
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sciadv
                Journal ID (hwp): advances
                Title: Science Advances
                Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
                ISSN (Electronic): 2375-2548
                Publication date Collection: June 2022
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 29 June 2022
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 26
                Electronic Location Identifier: eabo0597
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
                [2 ]School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.
                [3 ]Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
                [4 ]State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
                [5 ]Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: zhong.qiang.chen@ 123456cug.edu.cn
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3765-9824
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5341-6913
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-1824
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8604-6100
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2900-3331
                Article
                Publisher ID: abo0597
                DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0597
                PMC ID: 9242451
                PubMed ID: 35767613
                SO-VID: 4fef5fad-2826-4f1c-8d38-b05443d328ec
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 January 2022
                Date accepted : 11 May 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41821001
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 4193000537
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 42002006
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 92055212
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Earth, Environmental, Ecological, and Space Sciences
                Subject: SciAdv r-articles
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleontology
                Custom metadata
                Copyeditor Penchie Limbo

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