A cross-sectional study: correlation of forehead morphology and dentoskeletal malocclusion in Chinese people

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Abstract

Background

The lateral profile is an important indicator of facial attractiveness. This study explored the general characteristics of the forehead profile and protrusion, and their relationship with related factors in structure and development.

Methods

Four hundred fourteen Chinese participants in the Yangtze River Delta region were involved. Including 206 males (17.15 ± 7.68 years old) and 208 females (18.35 ± 8.06 years old); 94 children (8.54 ± 2.21 years old, ranging from 4 to 12 years old), 166 adolescents (14.83 ± 1.50 years old, ranging from 13 to 17 years old), and 154 adults (25.52 ± 4.89, 18 years or older). The frontal section of the forehead was used to explore its shape. The straight distance between the vertical line of the FH plane through the nasal root point and its parallel line, which is tangential to the forehead, indicates the forehead prominence. Frontal sinus width was measured using the method described by Mahmood.

Results

The general shape of the forehead was straight and slightly bulged near the eyebrow arch in males but rounder in females. The average forehead protrusion in males was higher than that in females in adults. Significant differences in forehead protrusion between the dentoskeletal classifications and growth phases were notable. Frontal protrusion significantly correlated with frontal sinus depth, especially in males, adults, Class I, and those whose convex points were located in the lower section of the forehead.

Conclusions

Age, race, and sex affect the forehead protrusion and frontal sinus width. Forehead protrusion may be an indicator of dentoskeletal deformities in the early stage. And dentoskeletal deformities may impair the correlation between the frontal sinuses and forehead protrusion during development.

Trial registration

This retrospective, cross-sectional study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethical Committee (T2020008), and registered at ClinicalTrial.gov with an identified number (ChiCTR2100041913).

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Most cited references 33

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A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I.

Heather Holdaway (1983)

This article presents a soft-tissue analysis which demonstrates the inadequacy of using a hard-tissue analysis alone for treatment planning. The material and methods used to develop this technique came from years of observation and description of patients from the private practice of the author. The findings indicate that, in general, for adolescents the normal or usual thickness of the soft tissue at point A is 14 to 16 mm. As point A is altered by tooth movement, headgear, etc., the soft tissue will follow this point and remain the same thickness. When there is taper in the maxillary lip immediately anterior to the incisor, as in protrusive dentures, the tissue will thicken as the incisors are moved lingually until the tissue approaches the thickness at point A (within 1 mm. of the thickness at point A). When the lip taper has been eliminated, further lingual movement of the incisor will now cause the lip to follow the incisors in a one-to-one ratio. These concepts are predictable in adolescents when the lip thickness at point A is within the normal range. Some exceptions are as follows: Even if there is lip taper, if the tissue thickness at point A is very thin (for example, 9 to 10 mm.), the lip may follow the incisor immediately and still retain the taper. If the tissue at point A is very thick (for example, 18 to 20 mm.), the lip may not follow incisor movement at all. Adult tissue reaction is similar to the first exception. Even though there may be lip taper, the lips will usually follow the teeth immediately. Cases are presented to demonstrate these concepts and to illustrate a normal or acceptable range of variation for facial harmony related to variations in skeletal convexity.

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Soft tissue cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery.

H Legan, C Burstone (1980)

A soft tissue cephalometric analysis designed for the patient who requires surgical-orthodontic car was developed to complement a previously reported dentoskeletal analysis. To make it clinically practical, the analysis has been reduced to its most relevant and significant measurements. Used along with other diagnostic aids, this soft tissue evaluation will enable the clinician to achieve good facial esthetics for his or her patients.

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Self-reported Patient Motivations for Seeking Cosmetic Procedures

Amanda L. Maisel, Abigail B. Waldman, Karina Furlan … (2018)

Question What motivates patients to consider and obtain cosmetic procedures? Findings This prospective multicenter observational study of 511 patients seeking cosmetic surgical procedures found that, apart from desiring to look better physically, patients want to protect their health (261 [53.0%]), improve their sense of psychological well-being (328 [69.3%]), and increase their comfort and confidence in social situations (269 [56.6%]). In general, patients sought cosmetic procedures to meet their needs, not those of others around them. Meaning Patients’ many motivations for cosmetic procedures include psychological and social goals as well as the desire to appear attractive. This multicenter observational study assesses the importance of self-reported factors that motivate patients to undergo minimally invasive cosmetic surgical procedures. Importance Despite the growing popularity of cosmetic procedures, the sociocultural and quality-of-life factors that motivate patients to undergo such procedures are not well understood. Objective To estimate the relative importance of factors that motivate patients to seek minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, multicenter observational study was performed at 2 academic and 11 private dermatology practice sites that represented all US geographic regions. Adult patients presenting for cosmetic consultation or treatment from December 4, 2016, through August 9, 2017, were eligible for participation. Exposures Participants completed a survey instrument based on a recently developed subjective framework of motivations and a demographic questionnaire. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were the self-reported most common motivations in each quality-of-life category. Secondary outcomes were other frequently reported motivations and those associated with specific procedures. Results Of 529 eligible patients, 511 agreed to participate, were enrolled, and completed the survey. Typical respondents were female (440 [86.1%]), 45 years or older (286 [56.0%]), white (386 [75.5%]), and college educated (469 [91.8%]) and had previously received at least 2 cosmetic procedures (270 [52.8%]). Apart from motivations pertaining to aesthetic appearance, including the desire for beautiful skin and a youthful, attractive appearance, motives related to physical health, such as preventing worsening of condition or symptoms (253 of 475 [53.3%]), and psychosocial well-being, such as the desire to feel happier and more confident or improve total quality of life (314 of 467 [67.2%]), treat oneself or celebrate (284 of 463 [61.3%]), and look good professionally (261 of 476 [54.8%]) were commonly reported. Motivations related to cost and convenience were rated as less important (68 of 483 [14.1%]). Most motivations were internally generated, designed to please the patients and not others, with patients making the decision to undergo cosmetic procedures themselves and spouses seldom being influential. Patients younger than 45 years were more likely to undertake procedures to prevent aging (54 of 212 [25.5%] vs 42 of 286 [14.7%] among patients ≥45 years; P < .001). Patients seeking certain procedures, such as body contouring (19 of 22 [86.4%]), acne scar treatment (36 of 42 [85.7%]), and tattoo removal (8 of 11 [72.7%]), were more likely to report psychological and emotional motivations. Conclusions and Relevance This initial prospective, multicenter study comprehensively assessed why patients seek minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Common reasons included emotional, psychological, and practical motivations in addition to the desire to enhance physical appearance. Differences relative to patient age and procedures sought may need further exploration.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Xiaoyu Liu: liuxiaoyu402@163.com

Tingting Wu:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-6820

wutingting_focus@163.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Oral Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Oral Health

Title: BMC Oral Health

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6831

Publication date (Electronic): 8 January 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 8 January 2024

Publication date Collection: 2024

Volume: 24

Electronic Location Identifier: 50

Affiliations

Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, ( https://ror.org/03xb04968) 69 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032 China

Author information

Tingting Wu http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-6820

Article

Publisher ID: 3795

DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03795-1

PMC ID: 10775421

PubMed ID: 38191414

SO-VID: 50c52cb3-9546-4b91-b074-aabc409b0676

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 30 October 2023

Date accepted : 18 December 2023

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: forehead protrusion,lateral profile,frontal sinus,aesthetics,retrospective study

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: forehead protrusion, lateral profile, frontal sinus, aesthetics, retrospective study

A cross-sectional study: correlation of forehead morphology and dentoskeletal malocclusion in Chinese people

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Trial registration

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Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine (AJFSFM)

Most cited references 33

A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I.

Soft tissue cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery.

Self-reported Patient Motivations for Seeking Cosmetic Procedures

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