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      Underweight Young Women Without Later Weight Gain Are at High Risk for Osteopenia After Midlife: The KOBE Study Translated title: 若年・中高年期ともに痩せの女性は、中髙年期の低骨密度リスクが高い:神戸トライアル

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          Abstract

          Background

          Although underweight young women are targets for interventions to prevent low bone mineral density (BMD), the relationship between change in body mass index (BMI) from youth to older age and BMD has not been widely investigated in community dwellers.

          Methods

          In 749 healthy Japanese women aged 40–74 years, BMD was measured by quantitative ultrasound and anthropometric measurements, and BMI was calculated from body weight and height. The BMI of participants at age 20 years was estimated by self-reported body weight and their present height. They were classified into four groups according to the presence of underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m 2) at 20 and/or at present. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of the presence of underweight at 20 and/or at present for osteopenia (BMD T score <−1 standard deviations) compared with participants with BMI ≥18.5 kg/m 2 both at 20 and at present.

          Results

          The participants who were underweight both at 20 and at present had a higher OR for osteopenia compared with those with BMI ≥18.5 kg/m 2 at 20 and at present (OR 3.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.97–7.89). Those underweight only at present also had significantly increased OR of developing osteopenia (OR 2.95; 95% CI, 1.67–5.24). The OR of those underweight only at 20 was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.51–1.48).

          Conclusions

          Current underweight was associated with increased risk for osteopenia among Japanese women, especially in those who were underweight both at 20 and at present. To prevent low BMD in the future, maintaining appropriate body weight might be effective for young underweight women.

          Translated abstract

          背景:

          若年痩せ女性は将来の骨粗鬆症予防のターゲット集団であると考えられるが、地域住民において若年期以降の体重変化と骨密度との関連は明らかにされていない。

          方法:

          都市部住民コホート研究「神戸トライアル」のベースライン調査(2010-11年度)を受けた40-75歳の女性749名を対象とした。調査時のbody mass index(BMI)は身長と体重の測定値より算出し、20歳時のBMIは調査時に聴取した20歳時の体重と調査時の身長から推定して、BMI18.5kg/m 2未満を痩せとした。骨密度は調査時に踵骨で超音波法により測定し、Tスコア-1SD未満を低骨密度とした。20歳時・調査時ともに痩せでなかった群を対照に、20歳時かつ/または調査時に痩せであった群の、調査時に低骨密度であるリスクを、ロジスティック回帰分析により多変量調整オッズ比を算出して推定した。

          結果:

          多変量調整オッズ比は、対照群に比べ、20歳時・調査時ともに痩せであった群で3.94 (95%信頼区間:1.97-7.89)と最も高く、また調査時のみ痩せだった群でも2.95 (1.67-5.24)と有意に高かった。20歳時のみ痩せで調査時は痩せでなかった群のオッズ比は0.87 (0.51-1.48)であった。

          結論:

          若年期も中高年期も痩せでなかった群に比べ、どちらも痩せていた群では、中高年期に低骨密度であるリスクは有意に上昇したが、若年期は痩せでも中高年期に痩せでない群では、有意なリスクの上昇は認められなかった。若年期に痩せていても、それ以降にBMIが改善すれば、中高年期の低骨密度を予防できる可能性が示された。

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          Most cited references24

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          Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study.

          Musculoskeletal diseases, especially osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP), impair activities of daily life (ADL) and quality of life (QOL) in the elderly. Although preventive strategies for these diseases are urgently required in an aging society, epidemiological data on these diseases are scant. To clarify the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), lumbar spondylosis (LS), and osteoporosis (OP) in Japan, and estimate the number of people with these diseases, we started a large-scale population-based cohort study entitled research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability (ROAD) in 2005. This study involved the collection of clinical information from three cohorts composed of participants located in urban, mountainous, and coastal areas. KOA and LS were radiographically defined as a grade of > or =2 by the Kellgren-Lawrence scale; OP was defined by the criteria of the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research. The 3,040 participants in total were divided into six groups based on their age: or =80 years. The prevalence of KOA in the age groups or =80 years 0, 9.1, 24.3, 35.2, 48.2, and 51.6%, respectively, in men, and the prevalence in women of the same age groups was 3.2, 11.4, 30.3, 57.1, 71.9, and 80.7%, respectively. With respect to the age groups, the prevalence of LS was 14.3, 45.5, 72.9, 74.6, 85.3, and 90.1% in men, and 9.7, 28.6, 41.7, 55.4, 75.1, and 78.2% in women, respectively. Data of the prevalence of OP at the lumbar spine and femoral neck were also obtained. The estimated number of patients with KOA, LS, and L2-L4 and femoral neck OP in Japan was approximately 25, 38, 6.4, and 11 million, respectively. In summary, we estimated the prevalence of OA and OP, and the number of people affected with these diseases in Japan. The ROAD study will elucidate epidemiological evidence concerning determinants of bone and joint disease.
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            Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. WHO Study Group.

            J Kanis (1994)
            The criteria required for an effective screening strategy for osteoporosis are largely met in Caucasian women. The disease is common and readily diagnosed by the measurement of bone mineral with single- or dual-energy absorptiometry. Such measurements have high specificity but lower sensitivity, so that the value of the technique is greater for those identified as being at higher risk. Against this background there is little evidence that osteoporosis can usefully be tackled by a public health policy to influence risk factors such as smoking, exercise and nutrition. This suggests that it is appropriate to consider targetting of treatment with agents affecting bone metabolism to susceptible individuals. Since the main benefits of the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are probably on cardiovascular morbidity, the major role for selective screening is to direct non-HRT interventions. An appropriate time to consider screening and intervention is at the menopause, but screening at later ages is also worthy of consideration. Since the cost of screening is low and that of bone-active drugs is high, the selective use of screening techniques will improve the cost-benefit ratio of intervention.
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              Japanese 2011 guidelines for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis—executive summary

              Introduction In 1998, the first Japanese practice guidelines on osteoporosis was published. It has been updated several times, with the most recent being the full-scale 2011 edition and its abridged edition. The present guidelines provide information for the managements of primary osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men over 50 years old, a summary of the evidence for the treatment of secondary osteoporosis, and a summary of the evidence for the prevention of osteoporosis in younger people. Method The present Executive Summary is primarily based on the content of the 2011 Japanese abridged edition. One of the key changes is revision of the criteria for initiation of pharmacological treatment, along with an introduction of the fracture risk factors used in FRAX®. Key figures and tables were selected from the Japanese abridged edition and a reference list was added. Result and conclusions The essential points of the Japanese practice guidelines on osteoporosis were translated into English for the first time. It is hoped that the content of the guidelines becomes known throughout the world.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Epidemiol
                J Epidemiol
                JE
                Journal of Epidemiology
                Japan Epidemiological Association
                0917-5040
                1349-9092
                5 November 2016
                23 April 2016
                2016
                : 26
                : 11
                : 572-578
                Affiliations
                [01] [1 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan [1 ]国立循環器病研究センター
                [02] [2 ]Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan [2 ]先端医療振興財団
                [03] [3 ]Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan [3 ]兵庫医科大学環境予防医学
                [04] [4 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan [4 ]慶應義塾大学衛生学公衆衛生学
                [05] [5 ]Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan [5 ]慶應義塾大学医学部百寿総合研究センター
                [06] [6 ]Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan [6 ]滋賀医科大学アジア疫学研究センター
                [07] [7 ]Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan [7 ]大阪大学公衆衛生学
                [08] [8 ]Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan [8 ]滋賀医科大学臨床看護学
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence. Yukako Tatsumi, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan (e-mail: tatsumi.yukako@ 123456ncvc.go.jp ).
                Article
                JE20150267
                10.2188/jea.JE20150267
                5083320
                27108753
                51a05950-b9c2-45c2-ab89-8584fe3f2f98
                © 2016 Yukako Tatsumi et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 September 2015
                : 15 December 2015
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
                Award ID: H26-Junkankitou [Seisaku]-Ippan-001
                Funded by: Intramural Research Fund of the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
                Award ID: 22-4-5
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
                Award ID: B21390211
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
                Award ID: B23390178
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
                Award ID: B23790711
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
                Award ID: B26860489
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
                Award ID: C23590835
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
                Award ID: C25460788
                Categories
                Original Article
                Cardiovascular Disease

                bone mineral density,osteopenia,body mass index,underweight

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