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      Laser microporation facilitates topical drug delivery: a comprehensive review about preclinical development and clinical application

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          Abstract

          Topical drug delivery is highly attractive and yet faces tissue barrier challenges. Different physical and chemical methods have been explored to facilitate topical drug delivery.

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          Transdermal drug delivery.

          Mark Prausnitz, Robert (Bob) Langer (2008)
          Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, noncavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin's barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase its impact on medicine.
          Article 0 comments Cited 583 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Microneedles for transdermal drug delivery.

            Mark Prausnitz (2004)
            The success of transdermal drug delivery has been severely limited by the inability of most drugs to enter the skin at therapeutically useful rates. Recently, the use of micron-scale needles in increasing skin permeability has been proposed and shown to dramatically increase transdermal delivery, especially for macromolecules. Using the tools of the microelectronics industry, microneedles have been fabricated with a range of sizes, shapes and materials. Most drug delivery studies have emphasized solid microneedles, which have been shown to increase skin permeability to a broad range of molecules and nanoparticles in vitro. In vivo studies have demonstrated delivery of oligonucleotides, reduction of blood glucose level by insulin, and induction of immune responses from protein and DNA vaccines. For these studies, needle arrays have been used to pierce holes into skin to increase transport by diffusion or iontophoresis or as drug carriers that release drug into the skin from a microneedle surface coating. Hollow microneedles have also been developed and shown to microinject insulin to diabetic rats. To address practical applications of microneedles, the ratio of microneedle fracture force to skin insertion force (i.e. margin of safety) was found to be optimal for needles with small tip radius and large wall thickness. Microneedles inserted into the skin of human subjects were reported as painless. Together, these results suggest that microneedles represent a promising technology to deliver therapeutic compounds into the skin for a range of possible applications.
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              Ocular drug delivery.

              Ripal Gaudana, Hari Krishna Ananthula, Ashwin Parenky … (2010)
              Ocular drug delivery has been a major challenge to pharmacologists and drug delivery scientists due to its unique anatomy and physiology. Static barriers (different layers of cornea, sclera, and retina including blood aqueous and blood-retinal barriers), dynamic barriers (choroidal and conjunctival blood flow, lymphatic clearance, and tear dilution), and efflux pumps in conjunction pose a significant challenge for delivery of a drug alone or in a dosage form, especially to the posterior segment. Identification of influx transporters on various ocular tissues and designing a transporter-targeted delivery of a parent drug has gathered momentum in recent years. Parallelly, colloidal dosage forms such as nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, and microemulsions have been widely explored to overcome various static and dynamic barriers. Novel drug delivery strategies such as bioadhesive gels and fibrin sealant-based approaches were developed to sustain drug levels at the target site. Designing noninvasive sustained drug delivery systems and exploring the feasibility of topical application to deliver drugs to the posterior segment may drastically improve drug delivery in the years to come. Current developments in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery promise a significant improvement in overcoming the challenges posed by various anterior and posterior segment diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Title: Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
                Abbreviated Title: Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
                Publisher: Informa UK Limited
                ISSN (Print): 1742-5247
                ISSN (Electronic): 1744-7593
                Publication date Created: January 02 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): December 15 2022
                Publication date (Print): January 02 2023
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 31-54
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Room 480, 02881, Kingston, RI, USA
                Article
                DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2152002
                PMC ID: 9825102
                PubMed ID: 36519356
                SO-VID: 52c8689d-0959-4155-a09b-11dc3eb90026
                Copyright © © 2023
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