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      The European Virus Archive goes global: A growing resource for research

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The European Virus Archive (EVA) was created in 2008 with funding from the FP7-EU Infrastructure Programme, in response to the need for a coordinated and readily accessible collection of viruses that could be made available to academia, public health organisations and industry. Within three years, it developed from a consortium of nine European laboratories to encompass associated partners in Africa, Russia, China, Turkey, Germany and Italy. In 2014, the H2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme (INFRAS projects) provided support for the transformation of the EVA from a European to a global organization (EVAg). The EVAg now operates as a non-profit consortium, with 26 partners and 20 associated partners from 21 EU and non-EU countries. In this paper, we outline the structure, management and goals of the EVAg, to bring to the attention of researchers the wealth of products it can provide and to illustrate how end-users can gain access to these resources. Organisations or individuals who would like to be considered as contributors are invited to contact the EVAg coordinator, Jean-Louis Romette, at jean-louis.romette@univmed.fr.

          Highlights

          • The EVAg was created as an international organization aiming to provide a gold standard resource to the scientific community.

          • The EVAg operates as a non-profit consortium of 26 partners and 20 associated partners from EU and non-EU countries.

          • Members and associated members retain ownership of the viruses that they disseminate via the EVAg infrastructure.

          • The EVAg approach to quality management is directed by the project's own quality standard, based upon OECD guidelines.

          • The ultimate objective is to make the EVAg a permanent archive that can provide access to viruses and reagents globally.

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          Most cited references7

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          Detection of a novel human coronavirus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction

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            Assay optimization for molecular detection of Zika virus

            Abstract Objective To examine the diagnostic performance of real-time reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for Zika virus detection. Methods We compared seven published real-time RT–PCR assays and two new assays that we have developed. To determine the analytical sensitivity of each assay, we constructed a synthetic universal control ribonucleic acid (uncRNA) containing all of the assays’ target regions on one RNA strand and spiked human blood or urine with known quantities of African or Asian Zika virus strains. Viral loads in 33 samples from Zika virus-infected patients were determined by using one of the new assays. Findings Oligonucleotides of the published real-time RT–PCR assays, showed up to 10 potential mismatches with the Asian lineage causing the current outbreak, compared with 0 to 4 mismatches for the new assays. The 95% lower detection limit of the seven most sensitive assays ranged from 2.1 to 12.1 uncRNA copies/reaction. Two assays had lower sensitivities of 17.0 and 1373.3 uncRNA copies/reaction and showed a similar sensitivity when using spiked samples. The mean viral loads in samples from Zika virus-infected patients were 5 × 104 RNA copies/mL of blood and 2 × 104 RNA copies/mL of urine. Conclusion We provide reagents and updated protocols for Zika virus detection suitable for the current outbreak strains. Some published assays might be unsuitable for Zika virus detection, due to the limited sensitivity and potential incompatibility with some strains. Viral concentrations in the clinical samples were close to the technical detection limit, suggesting that the use of insensitive assays will cause false-negative results.
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              Mosquito co-infection with Zika and chikungunya virus allows simultaneous transmission without affecting vector competence of Aedes aegypti

              Background Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are highly pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses that are currently a serious health burden in the Americas, and elsewhere in the world. ZIKV and CHIKV co-circulate in the same geographical regions and are mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. There is a growing number of case reports of ZIKV and CHIKV co-infections in humans, but it is uncertain whether co-infection occurs via single or multiple mosquito bites. Here we investigate the potential of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to transmit both ZIKV and CHIKV in one bite, and we assess the consequences of co-infection on vector competence. Methodology/Principal findings First, growth curves indicated that co-infection with CHIKV negatively affects ZIKV production in mammalian, but not in mosquito cells. Next, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were infected with ZIKV, CHIKV, or co-infected via an infectious blood meal or intrathoracic injections. Infection and transmission rates, as well as viral titers of positive mosquitoes, were determined at 14 days after blood meal or 7 days after injection. Saliva and bodies of (co-)infected mosquitoes were scored concurrently for the presence of ZIKV and/or CHIKV using a dual-colour immunofluorescence assay. The results show that orally exposed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are highly competent, with transmission rates of up to 73% for ZIKV, 21% for CHIKV, and 12% of mosquitoes transmitting both viruses in one bite. However, simultaneous oral exposure to both viruses did not change infection and transmission rates compared to exposure to a single virus. Intrathoracic injections indicate that the selected strain of Ae. aegypti has a strong salivary gland barrier for CHIKV, but a less profound barrier for ZIKV. Conclusions/Significance This study shows that Ae. aegypti can transmit both ZIKV and CHIKV via a single bite. Furthermore, co-infection of ZIKV and CHIKV does not influence the vector competence of Ae. aegypti.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Antiviral Res
                Antiviral Res
                Antiviral Research
                The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
                0166-3542
                1872-9096
                29 July 2018
                October 2018
                29 July 2018
                : 158
                : 127-134
                Affiliations
                [a ]Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
                [b ]Architectures et Fonctions, des Macromolécules, Biologiques, Marseille, France
                [c ]Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
                [d ]Department of Health-Special Pathogens Laboratory, Porton Down, United Kingdom
                [e ]Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
                [f ]Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
                [g ]Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
                [h ]Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Bales, Switzerland
                [i ]Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Lubljana, Slovenia
                [j ]UOC, Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Roma, Italy
                [k ]Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
                [l ]ERASMUS Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
                [m ]Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
                [n ]Laboratoire Merieux, INSERM, Lyon, France
                [o ]Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                [p ]Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
                [q ]The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
                [r ]Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Praetoria, South Africa
                [s ]National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [t ]Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
                [u ]Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
                [v ]Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, China
                [w ]Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia Disease, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [x ]Folkhalsomyndigheten, Stockholm, Sweden
                [y ]Fondation Mérieux, réseau GABRIEL, Lyon, France
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. jean-louis.romette@ 123456univ-amu.fr
                Article
                S0166-3542(18)30206-7
                10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.017
                7127435
                30059721
                53e3dfbc-112b-4a64-96ed-4a90dd24c95e
                © 2018 The Authors

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 10 April 2018
                : 21 July 2018
                : 23 July 2018
                Categories
                Article

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                virus archive,virus collection,eu infrastructure
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                virus archive, virus collection, eu infrastructure

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