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      Short break-up time type dry eye has potential ocular surface abnormalities

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          Abstract

          Purpose:

          To describe a case series in which corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) development occurred in short break-up time (s-BUT) dry eyes after a short period during prolonged opening of the eye.

          Methods:

          The study was designed as a clinical case series. Ocular surface evaluations were performed on 13 individuals with s-BUT dry eye. Tear function examinations included Schirmer's test and BUT evaluation.

          Results:

          In all 13 cases, the BUT was short, but the tear quantity was not so bad. In all cases, CFS developed following a single eye opening, and the staining was observed at sites that showed as dark spots. In several cases, the CFS disappeared later.

          Conclusion:

          In this study, we demonstrated that CFS could develop following a single eye opening. Based on our findings, CFS is a dynamic phenomenon rather than a stable indicator of ocular surface abnormalities. Moreover, s-BUT dry eye has the potential to show ocular surface abnormalities.

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          Most cited references25

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          Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women.

          Debra Schaumberg, David A. Sullivan, Julie Buring … (2003)
          Dry eye syndrome (DES) is believed to be one of the most common ocular problems in the United States (US), particularly among older women. However, there are few studies describing the magnitude of the problem in women and how this may vary with demographic characteristics. Cross-sectional prevalence survey. we surveyed 39,876 US women participating in the Women's Health Study about a history of diagnosed DES and dry eye symptoms. we defined DES as the presence of clinically diagnosed DES or severe symptoms (both dryness and irritation constantly or often). We calculated the age-specific prevalence of DES and adjusted the overall prevalence to the age distribution of women in the US population. We used logistic regression to examine associations between DES and other demographic factors. The prevalence of DES increased with age, from 5.7% among women or = 75 years old. The age-adjusted prevalence of DES was 7.8%, or 3.23 million women aged > or = 50 in the US. Compared with Whites, Hispanic (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-2.80) and Asian (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.17-2.69) women were more likely to report severe symptoms, but not clinically diagnosed DES. There were no significant differences by income (P([trend]) =.78), but more educated women were less likely to have DES (P([trend]) =.03). Women from the South had the highest prevalence of DES, though the magnitude of geographic differences was modest. Dry eye syndrome leading to a clinical diagnosis or severe symptoms is prevalent, affecting over 3.2 million American women middle-aged and older. Although the condition is more prevalent among older women, it also affects many women in their 40s and 50s. Further research is needed to better understand DES and its impact on public health and quality of life.
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            Tear film osmolarity: determination of a referent for dry eye diagnosis.

            Kanna Ramaesh, S Khanal, Angus McFadyen … (2006)
            To determine new referents, or cutoff levels for tear film hyperosmolarity in the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and to assess their effectiveness in independent patient groups. A meta-analysis was performed on published data for tear osmolarity in samples of normal eyes and various subtypes of dry eye, and pooled estimates of the mean and standard deviations for normal and (all) dry eye subjects were determined. Diagnostic referents were derived from the intercept between the distributions of osmolarity in the two samples and from receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. This referent was tested for effectiveness of diagnosis in independent groups with normal and dry eyes. An osmolarity referent of 315.6 mOsmol/L was derived from the intercept of the distribution curves, and 316 mOsmol/L from the ROC curve. When applied to independent groups of normal and dry eye subjects a value of 316 mOsmol/L was found to yield sensitivity of 59%, specificity of 94%, and an overall predictive accuracy of 89% for the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome. Tear hyperosmolarity, defined by a referent of 316 mOsmol/L, was superior in overall accuracy to any other single test for dry eye diagnosis (Lactoplate, Schirmer test, and Rose Bengal staining), even when the other test measures were applied to a diagnosis within the sample groups from which they were derived. For overall accuracy in the diagnosis of dry eye, the osmolarity test was found to be comparable with the results of combined (in parallel or series) tests.
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              Functions of ocular surface mucins in health and disease.

              Flavio Mantelli, Pablo Argüeso (2008)
              The purpose of the present review is to describe new concepts on the role of mucins in the protection of corneal and conjunctival epithelia and to identify alterations of mucins in ocular surface diseases. New evidence indicates that gel-forming and cell surface-associated mucins contribute differently to the protection of the ocular surface against allergens, pathogens, extracellular molecules, abrasive stress, and drying. Mucins are high-molecular weight glycoproteins characterized by their extensive O-glycosylation. Major mucins expressed by the ocular surface epithelia include cell surface-associated mucins MUC1, MUC4, MUC16, and the gel-forming mucin MUC5AC. Recent advances using functional assays have allowed the examination of their roles in the protection of corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Alterations in mucin and mucin O-glycan biosynthesis in ocular surface disorders, including allergy, nonautoimmune dry eye, autoimmune dry eye, and infection, are presented.
              Article 0 comments Cited 88 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Taiwan J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Taiwan J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TJO
                Title: Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 2211-5056
                ISSN (Electronic): 2211-5072
                Publication date (Print): Apr-Jun 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 May 2015
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 68-71
                Affiliations
                [a ] Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
                [b ] Minamiaoyama Eye Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
                [c ] Ishida Ganka, Shizuoka, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. E-mail address: yoshiyuki184@ 123456gmail.com (Y. Ichihashi).
                Article
                Publisher ID: TJO-5-68
                DOI: 10.1016/j.tjo.2015.02.004
                PMC ID: 5602730
                PubMed ID: 29018670
                SO-VID: 54571e6a-6b3c-43c0-b8d8-4190f151e4a9
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2015, The Ophthalmologic Society of Taiwan
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 07 July 2014
                Date revision received : 05 February 2015
                Date accepted : 16 February 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: dry eye,short break up time,fluorescein,superficial punctate keratitis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dry eye, short break up time, fluorescein, superficial punctate keratitis

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