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      Constructive and Unconstructive Repetitive Thought

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          Abstract

          The author reviews research showing that repetitive thought (RT) can have constructive or unconstructive consequences. The main unconstructive consequences of RT are (a) depression, (b) anxiety, and (c) difficulties in physical health. The main constructive consequences of RT are (a) recovery from upsetting and traumatic events, (b) adaptive preparation and anticipatory planning, (c) recovery from depression, and (d) uptake of health-promoting behaviors. Several potential principles accounting for these distinct consequences of RT are identified within this review: (a) the valence of thought content, (b) the intrapersonal and situational context in which RT occurs, and (c) the level of construal (abstract vs. concrete processing) adopted during RT. Of the existing models of RT, it is proposed that an elaborated version of the control theory account provides the best theoretical framework to account for its distinct consequences.

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          Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.

          Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (1991)
          I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.
          Article 0 comments Cited 791 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure.

            Walter Mischel, Yuichi Shoda (1995)
            A theory was proposed to reconcile paradoxical findings on the invariance of personality and the variability of behavior across situations. For this purpose, individuals were assumed to differ in (a) the accessibility of cognitive-affective mediating units (such as encodings, expectancies and beliefs, affects, and goals) and (b) the organization of relationships through which these units interact with each other and with psychological features of situations. The theory accounts for individual differences in predictable patterns of variability across situations (e.g., if A then she X, but if B then she Y), as well as for overall average levels of behavior, as essential expressions or behavioral signatures of the same underlying personality system. Situations, personality dispositions, dynamics, and structure were reconceptualized from this perspective.
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              Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire.

              T Meyer, M. L. Miller, R Metzger … (1990)
              The present report describes the development of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire to measure the trait of worry. The 16-item instrument emerged from factor analysis of a large number of items and was found to possess high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The questionnaire correlates predictably with several psychological measures reasonably related to worry, and does not correlate with other measures more remote to the construct. Responses to the questionnaire are not influenced by social desirability. The measure was found to significantly discriminate college samples (a) who met all, some, or none of the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder and (b) who met criteria for GAD vs posttraumatic stress disorder. Among 34 GAD-diagnosed clinical subjects, the worry questionnaire was found not to correlate with other measures of anxiety or depression, indicating that it is tapping an independent construct with severely anxious individuals, and coping desensitization plus cognitive therapy was found to produce significantly greater reductions in the measure than did a nondirective therapy condition.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychol Bull
                Title: Psychological Bulletin
                Publisher: American Psychological Association
                ISSN (Print): 0033-2909
                ISSN (Electronic): 1939-1455
                Publication date (Print): March 2008
                Volume: 134
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 163-206
                Affiliations
                [1]University of Exeter
                Author notes
                Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Edward Watkins, Mood Disorders Centre, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, United Kingdom E-mail: e.r.watkins@ 123456exeter.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: bul_134_2_163 Publisher Item ID: 2008-01984-001
                DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163
                PMC ID: 2672052
                PubMed ID: 18298268
                SO-VID: 54d2a7e0-ac35-40af-97c6-c85ad6957059
                Copyright © © 2008 American Psychological Association.
                License:

                This article, manuscript, or document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association (APA). For non-commercial, education and research purposes, users may access, download, copy, display, and redistribute this article or manuscript as well as adapt, translate, or data and text mine the content contained in this document. For any such use of this document, appropriate attribution or bibliographic citation must be given. Users should not delete any copyright notices or disclaimers. For more information or to obtain permission beyond that granted here, visit http://www.apa.org/about/copyright.html.

                History
                Date received : 10 June 2006
                Date revision received : 30 August 2007
                Date accepted : 31 August 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: repetitive thought,control theory,cognitive processing,rumination,worry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: repetitive thought, control theory, cognitive processing, rumination, worry

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