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      Further evidence for the variability of the 18S rDNA loci in the family Tingidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          As of now, within the lace bug family Tingidae ( Cimicomorpha ), only 1.5% of the species described have been cytogenetically studied. In this paper, male karyotypes of Stephanitis caucasica , Stephanitis pyri , Physatocheila confinis , Lasiacantha capucina , Dictyla rotundata and Dictyla echii were studied using FISH mapping with an 18S rDNA marker. The results show variability: the major rDNA sites are predominantly located on a pair of autosomes but occasionally on the X and Y chromosomes. All currently available data on the distribution of the major rDNA in the Tingidae karyotypes are summarized and shortly discussed. Our main concern is to clarify whether the chromosomal position of rDNA loci can contribute to resolving the phylogenetic relationships among the Tingidae taxa.

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          Phylogenetic relationships within the Cimicomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a total-evidence analysis

          WARD C. WHEELER, Christiane Weirauch, RANDALL T. SCHUH (2009)
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            Location and expression of ribosomal RNA genes in grasshoppers: abundance of silent and cryptic loci.

            Juan Camacho, Josefa Cabrero (2007)
            We investigate regularities and restrictions in chromosome location of ribosomal RNA genes, analysed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and their phenotypic expression assessed by nucleolus formation at first meiotic prophase cells, analysed by silver impregnation, in 49 grasshopper species. High variation was found for rDNA location between species within most genera analysed. The mean haploid number of rDNA loci detected by FISH was 2.47, but some species had up to 10 loci. Chromosome distribution of rDNA loci differed between the Gomphocerinae and Oedipodinae subfamilies, most loci being proximal to the centromere in the former and distal to it in the latter. Chromosomes 2, 3 and X frequently carried rDNA in Gomphocerinae species with 2n male symbol=17 chromosomes, whereas chromosomes 6 and 9 were the most frequent rDNA locations in the Oedipodinae. About 13% of the 126 rDNA loci detected by FISH were silent, although this figure might be even higher. The comparison of FISH and silver-impregnation results also suggested the existence of cryptic NORs, i.e. those forming small nucleoli with no apparent presence of rDNA revealed by FISH. This was especially clear after the same cells in two species were sequentially treated with both silver impregnation and FISH. The abundance of silent and cryptic loci might thus suggest that rDNA spreads through grasshopper genomes by the Dubcovsky and Dvorak mechanism-that is, the transposition of a few rRNA genes to new chromosome locations, their amplification giving rise to new NORs, and the elimination of the old NORs. The cryptic NORs might correspond to nascent NORs, i.e. a few rRNA gene copies moved to new locations, whereas the inactive rDNA loci might correspond to those being in the process of elimination.
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              Evolutionary dynamics of rDNA clusters on chromosomes of moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera).

              Petr Nguyen, Ken Sahara, Atsuo Yoshido … (2010)
              We examined chromosomal distribution of major ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs), clustered in the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), in 18 species of moths and butterflies using fluorescence in situ hybridization with a codling moth (Cydia pomonella) 18S rDNA probe. Most species showed one or two rDNA clusters in their haploid karyotype but exceptions with 4-11 clusters also occurred. Our results in a compilation with previous data revealed dynamic evolution of rDNA distribution in Lepidoptera except Noctuoidea, which showed a highly uniform rDNA pattern. In karyotypes with one NOR, interstitial location of rDNA prevailed, whereas two-NOR karyotypes showed mostly terminally located rDNA clusters. A possible origin of the single interstitial NOR by fusion between two NOR-chromosomes with terminal rDNA clusters lacks support in available data. In some species, spreading of rDNA to new, mostly terminal chromosome regions was found. The multiplication of rDNA clusters without alteration of chromosome numbers rules out chromosome fissions as a major mechanism of rDNA expansion. Based on rDNA dynamics in Lepidoptera and considering the role of ordered nuclear architecture in karyotype evolution, we propose ectopic recombination, i.e., homologous recombination between repetitive sequences of non-homologous chromosomes, as a primary motive force in rDNA repatterning.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Comp Cytogenet
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Comp Cytogenet
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CompCytogen
                Title: Comparative Cytogenetics
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1993-0771
                ISSN (Electronic): 1993-078X
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 October 2016
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 517-528
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
                [2 ]Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, Voronezh, 394006, Russia
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Natalia V. Golub ( nvgolub@ 123456mail.ru )

                Academic editor: C. Nokkala

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v10i4.9631
                PMC ID: 5240506
                SO-VID: 56a572bd-5993-45f1-8c19-3e2c2d8741fd
                Copyright © Natalia V. Golub, Viktor B. Golub, Valentina G. Kuznetsova
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 21 June 2016
                Date accepted : 12 September 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: karyotype,fish,major rdna cluster,lace bugs,cimicomorpha,hemiptera
                Data availability:
                Keywords: karyotype, fish, major rdna cluster, lace bugs, cimicomorpha, hemiptera

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