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      Principles and Problems of Exosome Isolation from Biological Fluids

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          Abstract

          Exosomes, the subclass of small membrane extracellular vesicles, have great diagnostic and therapeutic potential, but the lack of standardized methods for their efficient isolation and analysis limits the introduction of exosomal technologies into clinical practice. This review discusses the problems associated with the isolation of exosomes from biological fluids, as well as the principles of traditional and alternative methods of isolation. The aim of the presented review is to illustrate the variety of approaches based on the physical and biochemical properties of exosomes that can be used for exosome isolation. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are discussed.

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          Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles

          Guillaume van Niel, Gisela D'Angelo, Graça Raposo (2018)
          Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively. They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles.
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            Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication

            Mathilde Mathieu, Lorena Martin-Jaular, Gregory Lavieu … (2019)
            The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1220 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Reassessment of Exosome Composition

              Dennis Jeppesen, Aidan M. Fenix, Jeffrey L. Franklin … (2019)
              The heterogeneity of small extracellular vesicles and presence of non-vesicular extracellular matter have led to debate about contents and functional properties of exosomes. Here, we employ high-resolution density gradient fractionation and direct immunoaffinity capture to precisely characterize the RNA, DNA, and protein constituents of exosomes and other non-vesicle material. Extracellular RNA, RNA-binding proteins and other cellular proteins are differentially expressed in exosomes and non-vesicle compartments. Argonaute 1–4, glycolytic enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins are absent from exosomes. We identify Annexin A1 as a specific marker for microvesicles that are shed directly from the plasma membrane. We further show that small extracellular vesicles are not vehicles of active DNA release. Instead, we propose a new model for active secretion of extracellular DNA through an autophagy- and multivesicular endosome-dependent, but exosome-independent mechanism. This study demonstrates the need for a reassessment of exosome composition and offers a framework for a clearer understanding of extracellular vesicle heterogeneity. A reassessment of exosome composition establishes the differential distribution of protein, RNA, and DNA between small extracellular vesicles and non-vesicular extracellular matter and establishes that small extracellular vesicles are not vehicles of active DNA release.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                E. I. Yakubovich: jakubovichelena@mail.ru
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biochem (Mosc) Suppl Ser A Membr Cell Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biochem (Mosc) Suppl Ser A Membr Cell Biol
                Title: Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplement. Series A, Membrane and Cell Biology
                Publisher: Pleiades Publishing (Moscow )
                ISSN (Print): 1990-7478
                ISSN (Electronic): 1990-7494
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 June 2022
                Publication date (Print): 2022
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 115-126
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.415738.c, ISNI 0000 0000 9216 2496, Granov Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ; 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5137
                DOI: 10.1134/S1990747822030096
                PMC ID: 9202659
                PubMed ID: 35730027
                SO-VID: 56fae651-b0b2-4562-b2dc-3a026a84885e
                Copyright © © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2022, ISSN 1990-7478, Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series A: Membrane and Cell Biology, 2022, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 115–126. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2022.Russian Text © The Author(s), 2022, published in Biologicheskie Membrany, 2022, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 172–185.
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 14 January 2022
                Date revision received : 20 January 2022
                Date accepted : 21 January 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2022

                Keywords: microvesicles,exosomes,bioseparation,isolation methods
                Data availability:
                Keywords: microvesicles, exosomes, bioseparation, isolation methods

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