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      Functional acellular matrix for tissue repair

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          Abstract

          In view of their low immunogenicity, biomimetic internal environment, tissue- and organ-like physicochemical properties, and functionalization potential, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) materials attract considerable attention and are widely used in tissue engineering. This review describes the composition of extracellular matrices and their role in stem-cell differentiation, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of existing decellularization techniques, and presents methods for the functionalization and characterization of decellularized scaffolds. In addition, we discuss progress in the use of dECMs for cartilage, skin, nerve, and muscle repair and the transplantation or regeneration of different whole organs (e.g., kidneys, liver, uterus, lungs, and heart), summarize the shortcomings of using dECMs for tissue and organ repair after refunctionalization, and examine the corresponding future prospects. Thus, the present review helps to further systematize the application of functionalized dECMs in tissue/organ transplantation and keep researchers up to date on recent progress in dECM usage.

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          Highlights

          • •

            The process of tissue repair using decellularization techniques is described in detail.

          • •

            Research advances in different areas of extracellular matrix decellularization are summarized.

          • •

            The achievements of extracellular matrix decellularization in tissue repair in recent years are summarized.

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          Most cited references373

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          Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death.

          Susan A. Elmore (2007)
          The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. The ability to modulate the life or death of a cell is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Therefore, research continues to focus on the elucidation and analysis of the cell cycle machinery and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To that end, the field of apoptosis research has been moving forward at an alarmingly rapid rate. Although many of the key apoptotic proteins have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of these proteins remain to be elucidated. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptosis in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptosis.
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            Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification.

            Adam Engler, Shamik Sen, H. Sweeney … (2006)
            Microenvironments appear important in stem cell lineage specification but can be difficult to adequately characterize or control with soft tissues. Naive mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are shown here to specify lineage and commit to phenotypes with extreme sensitivity to tissue-level elasticity. Soft matrices that mimic brain are neurogenic, stiffer matrices that mimic muscle are myogenic, and comparatively rigid matrices that mimic collagenous bone prove osteogenic. During the initial week in culture, reprogramming of these lineages is possible with addition of soluble induction factors, but after several weeks in culture, the cells commit to the lineage specified by matrix elasticity, consistent with the elasticity-insensitive commitment of differentiated cell types. Inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II blocks all elasticity-directed lineage specification-without strongly perturbing many other aspects of cell function and shape. The results have significant implications for understanding physical effects of the in vivo microenvironment and also for therapeutic uses of stem cells.
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              3D bioprinting of tissues and organs.

              Sean Murphy, Anthony Atala (2014)
              Additive manufacturing, otherwise known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. Recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues. 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1138 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lanjie Lei
                Shisheng Li
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mater Today Bio
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mater Today Bio
                Title: Materials Today Bio
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2590-0064
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 December 2022
                Publication date Collection: February 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 December 2022
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100530
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
                [b ]Department of Hemodialysis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
                [c ]State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China. lissdoctor@ 123456csu.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China leilanjie1988@ 123456163.com
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2590-0064(22)00328-3 Publisher ID: 100530
                DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100530
                PMC ID: 9806685
                PubMed ID: 36601535
                SO-VID: 5842b6a2-404b-4ed2-8664-c50b953d0170
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 November 2022
                Date revision received : 23 December 2022
                Date accepted : 26 December 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: decellularized extracellular matrix,stem cell differentiation,decellularized scaffold,regenerative medicine,tissue engineering
                Data availability:
                Keywords: decellularized extracellular matrix, stem cell differentiation, decellularized scaffold, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering

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