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      Changes in prolactin secretion in the short- and long-term after adrenalectomy Translated title: Efeito da evolução temporal da adrenalectomia na secreção de prolactina

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the modulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) on prolactin secretion in rats after adrenalectomy (ADX). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma corticosterone, ACTH, and prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in rats after bilateral ADX in the short- (3 hours and 1day) and long-term (3, 7, and 14 days). RESULTS: Animals that underwent ADX showed undetectable corticosterone levels and a triphasic ACTH response with a transient increase (3h), a decrease (1d), and further increase in the long-term after ADX. Sham animals showed a marked increase in corticosterone and ACTH levels three hours after surgery, with a decrease to basal levels thereafter. Plasma prolactin levels were not changed after ADX. CONCLUSION: There are different points of equilibrium in the HPA axis after the glucocorticoid negative feedback is removed. Prolactin plasma secretion is not altered in the short or long- term after ADX, suggesting that the peptidergic neurons essential for prolactin release are not activated after ADX.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Avaliar a modulação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HHA) sobre a secreção de prolactina após adrenalectomia (ADX). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Quantificamos por RIE corticosterona, ACTH e prolactina plasmáticos em ratos após curtos (3 horas e 1 dia) e longos (3, 7 e 14 dias) períodos de ADX bilateral. RESULTADOS: Animais ADX mostraram níveis indetectáveis de corticosterona. As concentrações plasmáticas de ACTH apresentaram resposta trifásica: aumento transitório (3h), diminuição (1d) e novo aumento após longos períodos de ADX. Animais Sham mostraram aumento de corticosterona/ACTH após três horas de cirurgia, diminuindo posteriormente aos níveis basais. As concentrações plasmáticas de prolactina não se alteraram após ADX. CONCLUSÃO: Existem diferentes pontos de equilíbrio do eixo HHA após a remoção da retroalimentação negativa exercida pelos glicocorticoides. A secreção de prolactina não se alterou após curtos/longos períodos de ADX, sugerindo que os neurônios peptidérgicos essenciais para a liberação de prolactina não estão ativados durante os diferentes períodos de ADX.

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          Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion.

          Marc E Freeman, Béla Kanyicska, Anna A. Lerant … (2000)
          Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. We now know that prolactin is not as simple as originally described. Indeed, chemically, prolactin appears in a multiplicity of posttranslational forms ranging from size variants to chemical modifications such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. It is not only synthesized in the pituitary gland, as originally described, but also within the central nervous system, the immune system, the uterus and its associated tissues of conception, and even the mammary gland itself. Moreover, its biological actions are not limited solely to reproduction because it has been shown to control a variety of behaviors and even play a role in homeostasis. Prolactin-releasing stimuli not only include the nursing stimulus, but light, audition, olfaction, and stress can serve a stimulatory role. Finally, although it is well known that dopamine of hypothalamic origin provides inhibitory control over the secretion of prolactin, other factors within the brain, pituitary gland, and peripheral organs have been shown to inhibit or stimulate prolactin secretion as well. It is the purpose of this review to provide a comprehensive survey of our current understanding of prolactin's function and its regulation and to expose some of the controversies still existing.
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            Nongenomic glucocorticoid inhibition via endocannabinoid release in the hypothalamus: a fast feedback mechanism.

            Shi Di, Renato Malcher-Lopes, Katalin Cs. Halmos … (2003)
            Glucocorticoid negative feedback in the brain controls stress, feeding, and neural-immune interactions by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, but the mechanisms of inhibition of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells have never been elucidated. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in an acute hypothalamic slice preparation, we demonstrate a rapid suppression of excitatory glutamatergic synaptic inputs to parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by the glucocorticoids dexamethasone and corticosterone. The effect was maintained with dexamethasone conjugated to bovine serum albumin and was not seen with direct intracellular glucocorticoid perfusion via the patch pipette, suggesting actions at a membrane receptor. The presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release by glucocorticoids was blocked by postsynaptic inhibition of G-protein activity with intracellular GDP-beta-S application, implicating a postsynaptic G-protein-coupled receptor and the release of a retrograde messenger. The glucocorticoid effect was not blocked by the nitric oxide synthesis antagonist N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride or by hemoglobin but was blocked completely by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists AM251 [N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide] and AM281 [1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-4-morpholinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide] and mimicked and occluded by the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 [(beta)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone mesylate], indicating that it was mediated by retrograde endocannabinoid release. Several peptidergic subtypes of parvocellular neuron, identified by single-cell reverse transcripton-PCR analysis, were subject to rapid inhibitory glucocorticoid regulation, including corticotropin-releasing hormone-, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-, vasopressin-, and oxytocin-expressing neurons. Therefore, our findings reveal a mechanism of rapid glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of hypothalamic hormone secretion via endocannabinoid release in the PVN and provide a link between the actions of glucocorticoids and cannabinoids in the hypothalamus that regulate stress and energy homeostasis.
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              What can we learn from rodents about prolactin in humans?

              Nira Ben-Jonathan, Christopher LaPensee, Elizabeth W. LaPensee (2008)
              Prolactin (PRL) is a 23-kDa protein hormone that binds to a single-span membrane receptor, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, and exerts its action via several interacting signaling pathways. PRL is a multifunctional hormone that affects multiple reproductive and metabolic functions and is also involved in tumorigenicity. In addition to being a classical pituitary hormone, PRL in humans is produced by many tissues throughout the body where it acts as a cytokine. The objective of this review is to compare and contrast multiple aspects of PRL, from structure to regulation, and from physiology to pathology in rats, mice, and humans. At each juncture, questions are raised whether, or to what extent, data from rodents are relevant to PRL homeostasis in humans. Most current knowledge on PRL has been obtained from studies with rats and, more recently, from the use of transgenic mice. Although this information is indispensable for understanding PRL in human health and disease, there is sufficient disparity in the control of the production, distribution, and physiological functions of PRL among these species to warrant careful and judicial extrapolation to humans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): abem
                Title: Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Abbreviated Title: Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1677-9487
                Publication date (Print and electronic): June 2012
                Volume: 56
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 244-249
                Affiliations
                [01] Uberaba MG orgnameUniversidade de Uberaba orgdiv1Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biopathology Brazil
                [03] Ribeirao Preto SP orgnameUSP orgdiv1FMRP orgdiv2Department of Physiology Brazil
                [02] Ribeirao Preto SP orgnameUniversidade de Sao Paulo orgdiv1School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto orgdiv2Department of Internal Medicine Brazil
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0004-27302012000400005 Publisher ID: S0004-2730(12)05600405
                SO-VID: 58b4fc51-0821-41e4-bb8b-9d569442ccf7
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 05 December 2011
                Date accepted : 02 June 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)

                Keywords: Adrenalectomia,hormônio adrenocorticotrófico,corticosterona,Adrenalectomy,prolactin,corticosterone,adrenocorticotropic hormone,prolactina
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Adrenalectomia, hormônio adrenocorticotrófico, corticosterona, Adrenalectomy, prolactin, corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactina

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