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      Parahiraciini (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae): one new genus, two new species and three new subtribes

      research-article
      1 , 2 ,
      ZooKeys
      Pensoft Publishers
      Auchenorrhyncha , Fulgoroidea , molecular, morphology, phylogeny, planthopper, taxonomy

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          Abstract

          A new genus Pusulissus gen. nov. with two new species P. phiaoacensis sp. nov. and P. coronomensis sp. nov. are described respectively from Vietnam and China in the tribe Parahiraciini of the family Issidae . A molecular phylogeny using combined genes (18S, 28S, COX1 and Cytb) confirms its placement in the tribe Parahiraciini . The tribe is divided into three subtribes: Scantiniina subtribe nov. with the type genus Scantinius Stål, 1866, and Vindilisina subtribe nov. with type genus Vindilis Stål, 1870 plus Nisoprincessa Gnezdilov, 2017, and the nominal subtribe Parahiraciina Cheng & Yang, 1991 subtribe nov. The characteristics of these subtribes are provided, with a key to identification. Genus Folifemurum Che, Zhang & Wang, 2013 is transferred to Hemisphaeriini Mongolianina, and genus Gelastyrella Yang, 1994 is maintained as a valid name.

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          Most cited references42

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          MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets.

          We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, Mega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in Mega The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit Mega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line Mega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space

            Since its introduction in 2001, MrBayes has grown in popularity as a software package for Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. With this note, we announce the release of version 3.2, a major upgrade to the latest official release presented in 2003. The new version provides convergence diagnostics and allows multiple analyses to be run in parallel with convergence progress monitored on the fly. The introduction of new proposals and automatic optimization of tuning parameters has improved convergence for many problems. The new version also sports significantly faster likelihood calculations through streaming single-instruction-multiple-data extensions (SSE) and support of the BEAGLE library, allowing likelihood calculations to be delegated to graphics processing units (GPUs) on compatible hardware. Speedup factors range from around 2 with SSE code to more than 50 with BEAGLE for codon problems. Checkpointing across all models allows long runs to be completed even when an analysis is prematurely terminated. New models include relaxed clocks, dating, model averaging across time-reversible substitution models, and support for hard, negative, and partial (backbone) tree constraints. Inference of species trees from gene trees is supported by full incorporation of the Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST) algorithms. Marginal model likelihoods for Bayes factor tests can be estimated accurately across the entire model space using the stepping stone method. The new version provides more output options than previously, including samples of ancestral states, site rates, site d N /d S rations, branch rates, and node dates. A wide range of statistics on tree parameters can also be output for visualization in FigTree and compatible software.
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              From micropterism to hyperpterism: recognition strategy and standardized homology-driven terminology of the forewing venation patterns in planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)

              Following recent advances in the morphological interpretations of the tegmen basal cell margins in the Paraneoptera, a standardized and homology-driven groundplan terminology for tegmina types, structures and vein patterns in Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha, including fossils, is proposed. Each term is listed with a morphological definition, compared and linked to the main systems of planthopper forewing description that have been reviewed. The importance of a standardized and homology-driven terminology is stressed to enhance the quality of data in taxonomic descriptions and to strengthen phylogenetic morphological analysis results. When the interpretation of the origin of vein branches is render difficult, a three-step strategy for pattern recognition of the vein is proposed based on two principles: (1) vein forks are more informative than topology of the vein branches: a search for homologous areas, the nodal cells in particular, must first guide the recognition rather the number of branches of a vein, and (2) minimum of ad hoc evolutionary events should be invoked in the understanding of a modified vein pattern. Examples of some conflicting interpretations of venation patterns in planthoppers are discussed within different families for both extant and extinct taxa. For the first time, the concept of brachypterism is defined in a non-relative way independently from other structures, and the new one of hyperpterism is proposed; a reporting system is proposed for each of them.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2020
                25 November 2020
                : 997
                : 69-94
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-Sorbonne Université-EPHE-Univ. Antilles, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris France
                [2 ] Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of the Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637009, China China West Normal University Nanchong China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Menglin Wang ( wangmenglin123@ 123456126.com )

                Academic editor: Mike Wilson

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9277-2478
                Article
                52857
                10.3897/zookeys.997.52857
                7710678
                33335441
                58f67669-e623-468b-b676-88f7cc8a88b2
                Thierry Bourgoin, Menglin Wang

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 02 April 2020
                : 14 September 2020
                Categories
                Research Article
                Hemiptera
                Issidae
                Taxonomy
                Asia
                China
                Vietnam

                Animal science & Zoology
                auchenorrhyncha , fulgoroidea ,molecular,morphology,phylogeny,planthopper,taxonomy

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