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      A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of physically active classrooms on educational and enjoyment outcomes in school age children

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Despite the relationship between physical activity (PA) and learning outcomes, the school system has not been able to support the inclusion of PA throughout the day. A solution to this problem integrates PA into the academic classroom. The objective of this review is to determine the impact of active classrooms compared to traditional sedentary classrooms on educational outcomes of school-aged children.

          Design

          We searched ERIC, PubMed, PsychINFO, and Web of Science, reference lists of included studies for randomised controlled studies. Independent reviewers screened the texts of potentially eligible studies and assessed the risk of bias. Data were pooled using random-effects models on standardized mean differences.

          Results

          This review identified 25 studies examining educational outcomes, including approximately 6,181 students. Risk of bias was assessed as either some or high risk of bias for most of the studies and outcomes. Pooled data from 20 studies and 842 participants measuring academic performance shows a small positive effect of active classrooms compared with traditional, sedentary classrooms (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.47).

          Conclusions

          Physically active classrooms may slightly improve academic achievement compared to the traditional sedentary lessons. Future research is needed to ensure that studies are adequately powered, employ appropriate methods of randomization, and measure a wide range of important student outcomes across the full spectrum of the school-age.

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          Most cited references37

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          Executive Functions

          Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.
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            The Relationship between Physical Activity and Cognition in Children: A Meta-Analysis

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              Physical activity and performance at school: a systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment.

              To describe the prospective relationship between physical activity and academic performance. Prospective studies were identified from searches in PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central, and Sportdiscus from 1990 through 2010. We screened the titles and abstracts for eligibility, rated the methodological quality of the studies, and extracted data. Studies had to report at least 1 physical activity or physical fitness measurement during childhood or adolescence. Studies had to report at least 1 academic performance or cognition measure during childhood or adolescence. We identified 10 observational and 4 intervention studies. The quality score of the studies ranged from 22% to 75%. Two studies were scored as high quality. Methodological quality scores were particularly low for the reliability and validity of the measurement instruments. Based on the results of the best-evidence synthesis, we found evidence of a significant longitudinal positive relationship between physical activity and academic performance. Participation in physical activity is positively related to academic performance in children. Because we found only 2 high-quality studies, future high-quality studies are needed to confirm our findings. These studies should thoroughly examine the dose-response relationship between physical activity and academic performance as well as explanatory mechanisms for this relationship.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                25 June 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 6
                : e0218633
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
                [2 ] INfant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Master University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
                [3 ] INfant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [4 ] Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                University of Kentucky, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8189-5886
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-1032
                Article
                PONE-D-19-12285
                10.1371/journal.pone.0218633
                6592532
                31237913
                59534403-7c08-4c60-979d-c434bf3fa2db
                © 2019 Bedard et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 30 April 2019
                : 4 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Pages: 19
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
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                Academic Skills
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                Custom metadata
                As this is a systematic review and meta-analysis, all relevant data can be found within the cited primary articles. Furthermore, all relevant data for the meta-analyses are reported within the manuscript (forest plots) and its supplementary files.

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