Sex Differences in the Clinical Profile Among Patients With Gout: Cross-sectional Analyses of an Observational Study

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Abstract

Objective.

Research findings in gout result predominantly from studies about men and might not be generalizable to women. To improve insight into sex differences in gout, our study compared clinical characteristics and comorbidities of female and male patients with gout, and explored the influence of menopause on these differences.

Methods.

Data from patients referred to 2 rheumatology clinics and diagnosed with gout were used. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities of each sex were compared univariately. Sex difference in comorbidities were further explored in multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption in both the total group and in those with gout onset ≥ 55 years (as a surrogate for menopausal state).

Results.

There were 954 patients, including 793 (83%) men, included. Women were on average older (65 vs 62 yrs), were more often obese (54% vs 36%), had a higher serum uric acid (sUA) level (0.53 vs 0.49 mmol/L), used diuretics more often (60% vs 30%), and consumed alcohol less frequently (47% vs 72%). Additionally, women more frequently had reduced renal function (64% vs 31%), hypertension (78% vs 56%), heart failure (23% vs 12%), and type 2 diabetes (39% vs 17%; all P < 0.05). In those with gout onset ≥ 55 years, differences in comorbidities were less pronounced and disappeared after adjusting for lifestyle.

Conclusion.

Our study confirmed sex differences in clinical characteristics and comorbidities among newly diagnosed patients with gout, and revealed that sex differences in comorbidities among those with gout onset beyond the age of female menopause were strongly attenuated and fully explained by lifestyle.

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Most cited references 19

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Increasing prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia over 10 years among older adults in a managed care population.

Claudia A. Riedel, Paul Wallace, Nancy Joseph-Ridge … (2004)

To determine whether the prevalence of gout and/or clinically significant hyperuricemia increased in a managed care population over 10 years. The study was a descriptive analysis utilizing an administrative claims database to ascertain 10-year trends in prevalence of gout and/or hyperuricemia. Prevalence rates were calculated cross-sectionally for each year (1990-99) and expressed/compared as rates per 1000 enrollees. The prevalence of gout and/or hyperuricemia in the overall population increased by about 2 cases per 1000 enrollees over 10 years. In the > 75 year age group, rates increased from 21 per 1000 persons in 1990 to 41 per 1000 in 1999. In the 65-74 year age group, prevalence increased from between 21 and 24 per 1000 persons in the years 1990-92 to over 31 per 1000 during the years 1997-99. Prevalence rates in younger age groups ( 65), the gender gap narrowed to 1 woman to every 3 men with gout and/or hyperuricemia (3:1 ratio).

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Physiology of Hyperuricemia and Urate-Lowering Treatments

Caroline Benn, Pinky Dua, Rachel Gurrell … (2018)

Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis and is a multifactorial disease typically characterized by hyperuricemia and monosodium urate crystal deposition predominantly in, but not limited to, the joints and the urinary tract. The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia has increased in developed countries over the past two decades and research into the area has become progressively more active. We review the current field of knowledge with emphasis on active areas of hyperuricemia research including the underlying physiology, genetics and epidemiology, with a focus on studies which suggest association of hyperuricemia with common comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Finally, we discuss current therapies and emerging drug discovery efforts aimed at delivering an optimized clinical treatment strategy.

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Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising?

Clement Michet, E Arromdee, W O'Fallon … (2002)

To determine whether the incidence of gout is higher in 1995-1996 compared to 1977-1978. Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project computerized medical record system, all potential cases of acute gout in the city of Rochester, Minnesota during the time intervals of 1977-1978 and 1995-1996 were identified. The complete medical records of all potential cases were screened and all who fulfilled the 1977 American College of Rheumatology proposed criteria for gout were included as incidence cases. Demographic data, body mass index, clinical presentation, and associated comorbid conditions were abstracted. The overall and age-gender adjusted incidence rates from the 2 cohorts were calculated and compared. A total of 39 new cases of acute gout were identified during the 2 year interval 1977-1978 representing an age and sex-adjusted annual incidence rate of 45.0/100,000 (95% CI: 30.7, 59.3). For the interval 1995-1996, 81 cases were diagnosed, representing an annual incidence rate of 62.3/100,000 (95% CI: 48.4, 76.2). There was a greater than 2-fold increase in the rate of primary gout (i.e., no history of diuretic exposure) in the recent compared to the older time periods (p = 0.002). The incidence of secondary, diuretic related gout did not increase over time (p = 0.140). Our results indicate that the incidence of primary gout has increased significantly over the past 20 years. While this increase might be a result of improved ascertainment of atypical gout, it may also be related to other, as yet unidentified, risk factors.