Conscription of Immune Cells by Light‐Activatable Silencing NK‐Derived Exosome (LASNEO) for Synergetic Tumor Eradication

Abstract

Exosomes derived from natural killer (NK) cells (NEO) constitute promising antineoplastic nano‐biologics because of their versatile functions in immune regulation. However, a significant augment of their immunomodulatory capability is an essential need to achieve clinically meaningful treatment outcomes. Light‐activatable silencing NK‐derived exosomes (LASNEO) are orchestrated by engineering the NEO with hydrophilic small interfering RNA (siRNA) and hydrophobic photosensitizer Ce6. Profiling of genes involved in apoptosis pathway with Western blot and RNA‐seq in cells receiving NEO treatment reveals that NEO elicits effective NK cell‐like cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon laser irradiation not only triggers substantial photodynamic therapy effect but also boosts M1 tumor‐associated macrophages polarization and DC maturation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, ROS also accelerates the cellular entry and endosomal escape of siRNA in TME. Finally, siRNAs targeting PLK1 or PD‐L1 induce robust gene silencing in cancer cells, and downregulation of PD‐L1 restores the immunological surveillance of T cells in TME. Therefore, the proposed LASNEO exhibit excellent antitumor effects by conscripting multiple types of immune cells. Considering that its manufacture is quite simple and controllable, LASNEO show compelling potential for clinical translational application.

Abstract

Light‐activatable silencing natural killer (NK)‐derived exosome (LASNEO) enables robust immuno‐oncotherapy by conscripting multiple types of immune cells. It elicits inherited NK cell‐like cytotoxicity. Reactive oxygen species photogeneration triggers effective photodynamic therapy, boosts M1 macrophage polarization and DC maturation, and facilitates endosomal escape of small interfering RNA. PD‐L1 silencing and soluble factors further restore T cell immune surveillance.