Morphology of the minute larva of Ptinella tenella, with special reference to effects of miniaturisation and the systematic position of Ptiliidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea)
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Abstract
External and internal features of minute reared ex ovo larvae of Ptinella tenella
Erichson with the head widths ranging from 108 to 138mum are described. In total 139
setae (trichoid sensilla), 18 pores (non-trichoid sensilla), and 60 muscles were identified.
The complexity of the chaetotaxy, the musculature of the head, the tentorium, and
the digestive tract are not affected by the extremely small size of the larvae. Specific
features, which may have resulted from miniaturisation are the elongate shape of the
brain reaching the mesothorax posteriorly, the reduced condition of the thoracic sclerites
and endosternites, the simplified musculature of the thorax and abdomen, and the loss
of the abdominal spiracles. The monophyly of Ptiliidae is supported by the absence
of head sutures, the presence of a setiferous protuberance close to the mandibular
base, and the absence of a lacinia. Absence of abdominal spiracles and complete absence
of eyes suggest the monophyly of a ptiliid subgroup which does not comprise Nossidium.
Presence of a fimbriate galea is shared by larvae of Agyrtidae, Leiodidae, Ptiliidae,
and Hydraenidae. The presence of a complex apical appendage on the distal maxillary
palpomere and of hooks on abdominal segment X are possible synapomorphies of Ptiliidae
and Hydraenidae. A description of the rearing procedure is provided and comments on
feeding habits are made.