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      Roles of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) in Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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      Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology
      Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
      Keywords: V. parahaemolyticus, tdh, trh, virulence factors

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          Abstract

          Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood borne bacterial gastroenteritis in the world, often associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. However, not all strains of V. parahaemolyticus are pathogenic. The thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) or TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) encoded by tdh and trh genes, respectively, are considered major virulence factors in V. parahaemolyticus. However, about 10% of clinical strains do not contain tdh and/or trh. Environmental isolates of V. parahaemolyticus lacking tdh and/or trh are also highly cytotoxic to human gastrointestinal cells. Even in the absence of these hemolysins, V. parahaemolyticus remains pathogenic indicating other virulence factors exist. This mini review aims at discussing the possible roles of tdh and trh genes in clinical and environmental isolates of V. parahaemolyticus.

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          Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a concern of seafood safety.

          Yi-Cheng Su, Chengchu Liu (2007)
          Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a human pathogen that is widely distributed in the marine environments. This organism is frequently isolated from a variety of raw seafoods, particularly shellfish. Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus may lead to development of acute gastroenteritis characterized by diarrhea, headache, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps. This pathogen is a common cause of foodborne illnesses in many Asian countries, including China, Japan and Taiwan, and is recognized as the leading cause of human gastroenteritis associated with seafood consumption in the United States. This review gives an overview of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning and provides information on recent development in methods for detecting V. parahaemolyticus and strategies for reducing risk of V. parahaemolyticus infections associated with seafood consumption.
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            Functional characterization of two type III secretion systems of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

            Tetsuya Iida, Takahiro Ono, Sam Park … (2004)
            Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is a worldwide cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. Recent genome sequencing of the clinical V. parahaemolyticus strain RIMD2210633 identified two sets of genes for the type III secretion system (TTSS), TTSS1 and TTSS2. Here, we constructed a series of mutant strains from RIMD2210633 to determine whether the two putative TTSS apparatus are functional. The cytotoxic activity of mutant strains having a deletion in one of the TTSS1 genes was significantly decreased compared with that of the parent and TTSS2-related mutant strains. In an enterotoxicity assay with the rabbit ileal loop test, intestinal fluid accumulation was diminished by deletion of the TTSS2-related genes while TTSS1-related mutants caused a level of fluid accumulation similar to that of the parent. VopD, a protein encoded in the proximity of the TTSS1 region and a homologue of the Yersinia YopD, was secreted in a TTSS1-dependent manner. In contrast, VopP, which is encoded by a pathogenicity island on chromosome 2 and is homologous to the Yersinia YopP, was secreted via the TTSS2 pathway. These results provide evidence that V. parahaemolyticus TTSSs function as secretion systems and may have a role in the pathogenicity of the organism. This is the first report of functional TTSSs in Vibrio species. The presence of TTSS apparatus gene homologues was demonstrated in other vibrios, such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio tubiashii, suggesting that some other vibrios also contain TTSS and that the TTSS has a role in protein secretion in those organisms during interaction with eukaryotic cells.
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              Vibrio parahaemolyticus Type VI Secretion System 1 Is Activated in Marine Conditions to Target Bacteria, and Is Differentially Regulated from System 2

              Dor Salomon, Herman González L, Barrett Updegraff … (2013)
              Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium that thrives in warm climates. It is a leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting from consumption of contaminated uncooked shellfish. This bacterium harbors two putative type VI secretion systems (T6SS). T6SSs are widespread protein secretion systems found in many Gram-negative bacteria, and are often tightly regulated. For many T6SSs studied to date, the conditions and cues, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that control T6SS activity are unknown. In this study, we characterized the environmental conditions and cues that activate both V. parahaemolyticus T6SSs, and identified regulatory mechanisms that control T6SS gene expression and activity. We monitored the expression and secretion of the signature T6SS secreted proteins Hcp1 and Hcp2, and found that both T6SSs are differentially regulated by quorum sensing and surface sensing. We also showed that T6SS1 and T6SS2 require different temperature and salinity conditions to be active. Interestingly, T6SS1, which is found predominantly in clinical isolates, was most active under warm marine-like conditions. Moreover, we found that T6SS1 has anti-bacterial activity under these conditions. In addition, we identified two transcription regulators in the T6SS1 gene cluster that regulate Hcp1 expression, but are not required for immunity against self-intoxication. Further examination of environmental isolates revealed a correlation between the presence of T6SS1 and virulence of V. parahaemolyticus against other bacteria, and we also showed that different V. parahaemolyticus isolates can outcompete each other. We propose that T6SS1 and T6SS2 play different roles in the V. parahaemolyticus lifestyles, and suggest a role for T6SS1 in enhancing environmental fitness of V. parahaemolyticus in marine environments when competing for a niche in the presence of other bacterial populations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Microbiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Microbiol.
                Title: Frontiers in Microbiology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-302X
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 January 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 805
                Affiliations
                Department of Microbiology, Dr. VRK Women’s Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre Hyderabad, India
                Author notes

                Edited by: Dongsheng Zhou, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, China

                Reviewed by: Lingling Zhang, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA; Learn-Han Lee, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia

                *Correspondence: Pendru Raghunath, Department of Microbiology, Dr. VRK Women’s Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre, R.R. District-500075, Hyderabad, India e-mail: raghunath_kmc@ 123456yahoo.co.in ; raghunathreddyp@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Food Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00805
                PMC ID: 4302984
                PubMed ID: 25657643
                SO-VID: 5c04aa3f-1b30-4036-933a-d38ce2f33d49
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Raghunath.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 01 December 2014
                Date accepted : 30 December 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 4, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Mini Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: v. parahaemolyticus,tdh,trh,virulence factors
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: v. parahaemolyticus, tdh, trh, virulence factors

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