Human Meibum Age, Lipid–Lipid Interactions and Lipid Saturation in Meibum from Infants

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Abstract

Tear stability decreases with increasing age and the same signs of instability are exacerbated with dry eye. Meibum lipid compositional changes with age provide insights into the biomolecules responsible for tear film instability. Meibum was collected from 69 normal donors ranging in age from 0.6 to 68 years of age. Infrared spectroscopy was used to measure meibum lipid phase transition parameters. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure lipid saturation. Increasing human meibum lipid hydrocarbon chain unsaturation with age was related to a decrease in hydrocarbon chain order, cooperativity, and in the phase transition temperature. The change in these parameters was most dramatic between 1 and 20 years of age. Meibum was catalytically saturated to determine the effect of saturation on meibum lipid phase transition parameters. Hydrocarbon chain saturation was directly related to lipid order, phase transition temperature, cooperativity, changes in enthalpy and entropy, and could account for the changes in the lipid phase transition parameters observed with age. Unsaturation could contribute to decreased tear film stability with age.

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Most cited references 59

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Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects.

María Carretta, P Tonali, A ALBANESE … (1997)

The present study measured the normal blink rate (BR) variations in relation to behavioral tasks in 150 healthy volunteers (70 males and 80 females; aged 35.9 +/- 17.9 years, range 5-87 years). The subjects were videotaped in a standard setting while performing three different tasks: resting quietly, reading a short passage, talking freely. The mean BR was computed during each task; the data were compared by means of analysis of variance and Student's t tests. Mean BR at rest was 17 blinks/min, during conversation it increased to 26, and it was as low as 4.5 while reading. As compared with rest, BR decreased by -55.08% while reading (p rest > reading, which occurred in 101 subjects (67.3%); 34 subjects (22.7%) had the pattern rest > conversation > reading; 12 (8.0%) had the pattern conversation > reading > rest. This study identified three normal behavioral BR patterns and showed that BR is more influenced by cognitive processes than by age, eye color, or local factors. The present findings provide a normal reference for the analysis of BR in movement disorders such as dystonia or tics.

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H Glasgow, Mark Willcox, Stefano Barabino … (2011)

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Tear dynamics and dry eye.

Kazuo Tsubota (1998)

Tears undergo four processes: production by the lacrimal gland, distribution by blinking, evaporation from the ocular surface and drainage through the nasolacrimal duct. Abnormalities in any of these steps can cause dry eye. There are two kinds of tear production, basic and reflex, which can be distinguished from each other by the Schirmer test with nasal stimulation. Reflex tearing is important because it supplies such essential components as EGF and vitamin A, whose deficiency may cause squamous metaplasia. There is no reflex tearing in Sjogren's syndrome because of destruction of the lacrimal gland. In cases of diminished or absent reflex tearing, topical autologous serum is the treatment of choice. Even when there is adequate tear production, insufficient distribution, such as occurs with the decreased blinking associated with the use of video display terminals (VDT), may cause dry eye. Any process or activity that suppresses blinking interferes with tear distribution. Tear evaporation increases under certain conditions and in some diseases. When the exposed ocular surface area is increased, such as in VDT work, tear evaporation increases. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) also causes increased tear evaporation by altering the quality of the oily layer in tears. Tear evaporation can be suppressed by using a warm compresser or a humidifier, narrowing the palpebral fissure, or wearing protective eyeglasses. The tear clearance rate is measured by fluorescein dye dilution in the conjunctiva. When the tear clearance is low, inflammatory cytokines or preservatives accumulate in the conjunctival sac, resulting in ocular surface diseases. Frequent use of artificial tears without preservative is the key treatment. A differential diagnosis of the abnormalities of tear dynamics can give us a proper understanding of the pathogenesis of dry eye. With this knowledge, we can formulate an efficient therapeutic approach.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 28 August 2017

Publication date Collection: September 2017

Volume: 18

Issue: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 1862

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; samiyyah.sledge@ 123456louisville.edu (S.S.); collin.henry@ 123456louisville.edu (C.H.); rbhola@ 123456choc.org (R.B.); a0rama09@ 123456exchange.louisville.edu (A.R.); ryan.blackburn@ 123456louisville.edu (R.B.); jsaust02@ 123456gmail.com (J.A.); kayla.massey@ 123456bison.howard.edu (K.M.); shanzehsayied@ 123456gmail.com (S.S.); aliza.williams@ 123456centre.edu (A.W.)

[2 ]Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; mcyappert@ 123456louisville.edu

[3 ]Division of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA 92868, USA

[4 ]Model Membranes Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria; g.as.georg@ 123456gmail.com

[5 ]Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; knschi01@ 123456exchange.louisville.edu

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: Borchman@ 123456louisville.edu ; Tel.: +1-011-502-852-7435; Fax: +1-011-502-852-6584

Article

Publisher ID: ijms-18-01862

DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091862

PMC ID: 5618511

PubMed ID: 28846660

SO-VID: 5c08fd9f-6dde-4927-8fbc-8c92ff79f5d6

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Human Meibum Age, Lipid–Lipid Interactions and Lipid Saturation in Meibum from Infants

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Abstract

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Hearing Loss and Restoration

Most cited references 59

Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects.

The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on tear film lipids and lipid-protein interactions in health and disease.

Tear dynamics and dry eye.

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