The performance of lactic acid bacteria in silage production: A review of modern biotechnology for silage improvement

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Abstract

<p xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="first" id="d2542846e123">Ensiling is a microbial-driven process used to preserve fresh forage in bio-refinery and animal production. The biochemical changes that ensue during ensiling have aided the search for new silage additives, emphasizing the potential of certain microbial strains that are more efficient in biopreservation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species are widely recognized for their varied application as additives in the fermentation of crops or forage biomasses during ensiling. However, inconsistency in silage quality in recent times could be interpreted by the lack of information on gene expression and molecular mechanisms of microbiota involved in silage production. Modern research has focused on unraveling nutrient-rich animal feed with improved LAB inoculants. Therefore, this review elucidates the role of LAB inoculants in silage production as well as the modern biotechnology approaches, including metabolomics, proteomics, metagenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and genetic manipulation, which are powerful tools for identifying, improving, and developing high-performance LAB strains. In addition, the review highlighted the trends and future perspectives of LAB development for silage improvement, pertinent for animal feed breakthroughs in sustainable agriculture. </p>

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Metabolomics: beyond biomarkers and towards mechanisms.

Caroline Johnson, Julijana Ivanisevic, Gary Siuzdak (2016)

Metabolomics, which is the profiling of metabolites in biofluids, cells and tissues, is routinely applied as a tool for biomarker discovery. Owing to innovative developments in informatics and analytical technologies, and the integration of orthogonal biological approaches, it is now possible to expand metabolomic analyses to understand the systems-level effects of metabolites. Moreover, because of the inherent sensitivity of metabolomics, subtle alterations in biological pathways can be detected to provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie various physiological conditions and aberrant processes, including diseases.

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Applications of genome editing technology in the targeted therapy of human diseases: mechanisms, advances and prospects

Hongyi Li, Yang Yang, Weiqi Hong … (2020)

Based on engineered or bacterial nucleases, the development of genome editing technologies has opened up the possibility of directly targeting and modifying genomic sequences in almost all eukaryotic cells. Genome editing has extended our ability to elucidate the contribution of genetics to disease by promoting the creation of more accurate cellular and animal models of pathological processes and has begun to show extraordinary potential in a variety of fields, ranging from basic research to applied biotechnology and biomedical research. Recent progress in developing programmable nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–Cas-associated nucleases, has greatly expedited the progress of gene editing from concept to clinical practice. Here, we review recent advances of the three major genome editing technologies (ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9) and discuss the applications of their derivative reagents as gene editing tools in various human diseases and potential future therapies, focusing on eukaryotic cells and animal models. Finally, we provide an overview of the clinical trials applying genome editing platforms for disease treatment and some of the challenges in the implementation of this technology.