The relationship between farmers’ entrepreneurial behavior and macroeconomics based on the probit regression model and entrepreneurial psychological capital

Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism seem to be uncorrelated in empirical studies, yet they share at least some theoretical similarities. In the current study, we examine the relation between grandiose (conceptualized as admiration and rivalry) and vulnerable narcissism in the context of the Big Five personality traits and metatraits, self-esteem, and their nomological network. To this end, participants (N = 314) filled in a set of self-report measures via an online survey. Rivalry was positively linked with both admiration and vulnerable narcissism. We replicated the relations of admiration and rivalry with personality traits and metatraits—as well as extended existing knowledge by providing support for the theory that vulnerable narcissism is simultaneously negatively related to the Stability and Plasticity. Higher scores on vulnerable narcissism and rivalry predicted having fragile self-esteem, whereas high scores on admiration predicted having optimal self-esteem. The assumed relations with the nomological network were confirmed, i.e., vulnerable narcissism and admiration demonstrated a contradictory pattern of relation to shyness and loneliness, whilst rivalry predicted low empathy. Our results suggest that the rivalry is between vulnerable narcissism and admiration, which supports its localization in the self-importance dimension of the narcissism spectrum model. It was concluded that whereas admiration and rivalry represent the bright and dark face of narcissism, vulnerable narcissism represents its blue face.

The personal traits of expatriates influence their work performance in a subsidiary. Nevertheless, organizations tend to hire candidates who are suitable from the technological dimension but ignore personal and family factors. Expatriates might not be familiar with a foreign place, and most organizations do not provide the so-called cultural adjustment training. The selected expatriates often accept the job without knowing the future prospects of their career, which can result in individual and family turmoil initially. Moreover, the unknown future career prospects and concern over when they will return to the parent company can affect expatriates’ work. Cross-cultural competence refers to the ability of individuals to work effectively and live normally in different cultural contexts, and this ability requires expatriate employees to adopt adaptive thinking patterns and behaviors in the host country. To explore the effect of expatriates’ cross-culture adjustment on their work stress and job involvement, this study therefore uses an empirical approach in which data are collected with a questionnaire survey and proposes specific suggestions, according to the results, to aid expatriates in their personal psychological adjustment. The results show that the challenges faced by expatriate employees are derived from assigned tasks, unknown environments, language barriers, and cultural differences. Excessive pressure will impose ideological and psychological burdens upon the expatriates and even lead to physical symptoms, however, the appropriate amount of pressure can play a driving role and promote the smooth progress of the work. High-tech industry employees who can adapt to the customs and cultures of foreign countries have higher work participation and are more likely to find ways to alleviate work stress. It has also been found that the stronger the cross-cultural competence of employees, the better their adjustment to the host country and the higher their corresponding job performance.

In order to study the influence of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurs’ psychology and behavior, based on the theory of self-efficacy, a model of relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurs’ psychology and behavior was constructed, relevant hypotheses were proposed, and the promotion mechanism of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial behavior and enterprise performance was analyzed. A survey of 300 entrepreneurs from Hangzhou, Wenzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, and Huzhou was conducted to verify the reliability of the questionnaire through statistical description and analysis. Then exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to test the correlation between variables. Finally, the structural equation was simulated to verify the correctness of the proposed hypothesis and model. The results show that the designed questionnaire has good reliability [the correction item total correlation coefficients (CITC) of all scales are greater than 0.3, values of Cronbach’s α are higher than 0.6], the validity (all inventory accumulation explanation degree are higher than 50%) and the fitting (χ2/df values of all scales are less than 3, comparative fitness index (CFI), goodness of fitness index (GFI), and incremental fitness index (IFI) are greater than 0.9, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) value is less than 0.08). The direct effect of harmonious passion on entrepreneurial persistence and enterprise performance is not significant, while the direct effect of compulsive passion on entrepreneurial persistence and enterprise performance is significant. Harmonious passion (P < 0.001) and compulsive passion (P < 0.01) are significantly correlated with entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and self-efficacy plays a mediating role between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneur psychology and behavior (P < 0.05), and the hypothesis proposed is basically valid. Therefore, entrepreneurial passion can positively guide the entrepreneurial persistence of entrepreneurs, and at the same time promote the performance of enterprises by stimulating the positive emotions of entrepreneurs. In addition, entrepreneurs can enhance their entrepreneurial role identity, maintain a positive attitude, stimulate creativity, and innovation, to enhance their sense of energy efficiency. The government can also promote successful business cases to build an inclusive and innovative social environment and stimulate the entrepreneurial passion of entrepreneurs. This study reveals the relationship between entrepreneurial passion, self-efficacy, and entrepreneur psychology and behavior, and extends the application of entrepreneurial passion in the field of entrepreneurship.