Limited value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and serum creatinine as point-of-care biomarkers of disease severity and infection mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

Abstract

Introduction

In hospitalized COVID-19, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and serum creatinine is sometimes measured under assumption they predict disease severity and mortality. We determined the potential value of NLR and serum creatinine as predictors of disease severity and mortality in COVID-19.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients admitted to premier COVID-19 treatment hospitals in Ethiopia. Predictive capability of biomarkers in progression and prognosis of COVID-19 was analyzed using receiver operating characteristics. Survival of COVID-19 patients with different biomarker levels was computed. Logistic regression assessed associations between disease severity and mortality on NLR and serum creatinine adjusted for odds ratio (AOR).

Results

The study enrolled 126 adults with severe (n = 68) or mild/moderate (n = 58) COVID-19, with median age 50 [interquartile range (IQR 20–86)]; 57.1% males. The NLR value was significantly higher in severe cases [6.68 (IQR 3.03–12.21)] compared to the mild/moderate [3.23 (IQR 2.09–5.39)], with the NLR value markedly associated with disease severity ( p<0. 001). Mortality was higher in severe cases [13 (19.1%)] compared to mild/moderate cases [2 (3.4%)] ( p = 0. 007). The NLR value was significantly higher in non-survivors [15.17 (IQR 5.13–22.5)] compared to survivors [4.26 (IQR 2.40–7.90)] ( p = 0. 002). Serum creatinine was significantly elevated in severe cases [34 (50%)] compared with mild/moderate [11 (19%)] ( p<0. 001). Disease severity [AOR 6.58, 95%CI (1.29–33.56), p = 0. 023] and NLR [AOR 1.07, 95%CI (1.02–1.12), p = 0. 004)] might be associated with death. NLR had a sensitivity and specificity of 69.1% and 60.3% as predictor of disease severity (cut-off >4.08), and 86.7% and 55.9% as prognostic marker of mortality (cut-off >4.63).

Conclusion

In COVID-19, NLR is a biomarker with only modest accuracy for predicting disease severity and mortality. Still, patients with NLR >4.63 are more likely to die. Monitoring of this biomarker at the earliest stage of the disease may predict outcome. Additionally, high creatinine seems related to disease severity and mortality.