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      Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          Background: Resilience is a process that allows recovery from or adaptation to adversities. The aim of this study was to evaluate state resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in psychiatric patients (PP), unaffected relatives (UR) and community controls (CC).

          Methods: This study is part of the Barcelona Res Ilience Survey for Mental Health COVID-19 (BRIS-MHC) project. Logistic regression models were performed to identify mental health outcomes associated with bad state resilience and predictors of good state resilience. The association between state resilience and specific affective temperaments as well as their influence on the association between depressive symptoms and state resilience were verified.

          Results: The study recruited 898 participants that took part in the survey. The presence of depressive symptoms was a predictor of bad state resilience in PP (β=0.110, OR=1.117, p=0.028). No specific mental health outcome was associated with bad state resilience in UR and CC. Predictors of good state resilience in PP were having pursued hobbies/conducted home tasks (β=1.261, OR=3.528, p=0.044) and level of organization in the family (β=0.986, OR=2.682, p=0.008). Having a controlling family was inversely associated with good state resilience in CC (β=-1.004, OR=0.367, p=0.012). The association between bad state resilience and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by affective temperaments.

          Limitations: Participants self-reported their psychiatric diagnoses, their relatives’ diagnoses or the absence of a psychiatric disorder, as well as their psychiatric symptoms.

          Conclusions: Enhancing resilience and coping strategies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic might have important implications in terms of mental health outcomes.

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          Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

          Cuiyan Wang, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan … (2020)
          Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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            Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

            Nader Salari, Amin Hosseinian-Far, Rostam Jalali … (2020)
            Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health. Therefore, monitoring and oversight of the population mental health during crises such as a panedmic is an immediate priority. The aim of this study is to analyze the existing research works and findings in relation to the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method In this systematic review and meta-analysis, articles that have focused on stress and anxiety prevalence among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic were searched in the Science Direct, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI) and Google Scholar databases, without a lower time limit and until May 2020. In order to perform a meta-analysis of the collected studies, the random effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of studies was investigated using the I2 index. Moreover. data analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Results The prevalence of stress in 5 studies with a total sample size of 9074 is obtained as 29.6% (95% confidence limit: 24.3–35.4), the prevalence of anxiety in 17 studies with a sample size of 63,439 as 31.9% (95% confidence interval: 27.5–36.7), and the prevalence of depression in 14 studies with a sample size of 44,531 people as 33.7% (95% confidence interval: 27.5–40.6). Conclusion COVID-19 not only causes physical health concerns but also results in a number of psychological disorders. The spread of the new coronavirus can impact the mental health of people in different communities. Thus, it is essential to preserve the mental health of individuals and to develop psychological interventions that can improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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              The Psychological and Mental Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Medical Staff and General Public – A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

              Min Luo, Lixia Guo, Mingzhou Yu … (2020)
              Highlights • We included 62 studies from 17 countries assessing psychological distress of COVID-19 • We found a high psychological burden among medical staff and the general public • However, the psychological distress was significantly higher among patients • We identified risk factors of psychological burdens to identify high-risk people • Professional medical services should be allocated to high-risk population • More self-help materials should be made available for people with milder impact
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Affect Disord
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Affect Disord
                Title: Journal of Affective Disorders
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0165-0327
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-2517
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 January 2021
                Publication date (Print): 15 March 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2021
                Volume: 283
                Pages: 156-164
                Affiliations
                [a ]Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170, Villarroel St., 08037, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
                [b ]Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170, Villarroel St., 08037, Barcelona, Spain
                [c ]Centre Fórum Research Unit, Parc de Salut Mar, 410, Llull St., 08019, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
                [d ]Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 88, Dr. Aiguader St., 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
                [e ]Predoctoral program, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), UAB Campus, Plaça Cívica, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
                [f ]Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350, Ramiro Barcelos St., 211, Protásio Alves Av., Santa Cecilia, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
                [g ]Department of Pharmacology, Health science basic Institute, Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Postgraduate Program of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 110, Paulo Gama Av., Farroupilha, Porto Alegre - RS, 90040-060, Brazil
                [h ]Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) group, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
                [i ]Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
                [j ]Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors.
                [1]

                The first two authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0165-0327(21)00072-0
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.055
                PMC ID: 7845537
                PubMed ID: 33556749
                SO-VID: 5ebfcefd-e7f2-45be-b240-7467f131e346
                Copyright © © 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 30 October 2020
                Date revision received : 31 December 2020
                Date accepted : 25 January 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: covid-19,resilience,mental health,coping strategies,affective temperaments
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: covid-19, resilience, mental health, coping strategies, affective temperaments

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