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      Legal, Practical, and Ethical Considerations for Making Online Patient Portals Accessible for All

      1 , 1 , 1 , 1
      American Journal of Public Health
      American Public Health Association

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d3380206e152">Largely driven by the financial incentives of the HITECH Act’s Meaningful Use program as part of federal US health care reform, access to portal Web sites has rapidly expanded, allowing many patients to view their medical record information online. </p><p id="d3380206e154">Despite this expansion, there is little attention paid to the accessibility of portals for more vulnerable patient populations—especially patients with limited health literacy or limited English proficiency, and individuals with disabilities. </p><p id="d3380206e156">We argue that there are potential legal mandates for improving portal accessibility (e.g., the Civil Rights and the Rehabilitation Acts), as well as ethical considerations to prevent the exacerbation of existing health and health care disparities. To address these legal, practical, and ethical considerations, we present standards and broad recommendations that could greatly improve the reach and impact of portal Web sites. </p>

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          Most cited references5

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          The Legal Framework for Language Access in Healthcare Settings: Title VI and Beyond

          Over the past few decades, the number and diversity of limited English speakers in the USA has burgeoned. With this increased diversity has come increased pressure—including new legal requirements—on healthcare systems and clinicians to ensure equal treatment of limited English speakers. Healthcare providers are often unclear about their legal obligations to provide language services. In this article, we describe the federal mandates for language rights in health care, provide a broad overview of existing state laws and describe recent legal developments in addressing language barriers. We conclude with an analysis of key policy initiatives that would substantively improve health care for LEP patients.
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            The impact of numeracy ability and technology skills on older adults' performance of health management tasks using a patient portal.

            Patient portals, which allow patients to access their health record via the Internet, are becoming increasingly widespread and are expected to be used by diverse consumer populations. In addition to technology skills, numeracy skills are also likely to be critical to performing health management tasks, as much of the data contained in the portal are numeric. This study examined how factors such as Internet experience, numeracy, and education impacted the performance of common tasks using a simulated patient portal among a sample of older adults. In addition, information was gathered on the ability of older adults to estimate their numeracy skills. Results indicated that numeracy and Internet experience had a significant impact on their ability to perform the tasks and that older adults tended to overestimate their numeracy skills. Results from this study can help to identify interventions that may enhance the usability of patient portals for older adults.
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              Learning temporal rules to forecast instability in continuously monitored patients

              Inductive machine learning, and in particular extraction of association rules from data, has been successfully used in multiple application domains, such as market basket analysis, disease prognosis, fraud detection, and protein sequencing. The appeal of rule extraction techniques stems from their ability to handle intricate problems yet produce models based on rules that can be comprehended by humans, and are therefore more transparent. Human comprehension is a factor that may improve adoption and use of data-driven decision support systems clinically via face validity. In this work, we explore whether we can reliably and informatively forecast cardiorespiratory instability (CRI) in step-down unit (SDU) patients utilizing data from continuous monitoring of physiologic vital sign (VS) measurements. We use a temporal association rule extraction technique in conjunction with a rule fusion protocol to learn how to forecast CRI in continuously monitored patients. We detail our approach and present and discuss encouraging empirical results obtained using continuous multivariate VS data from the bedside monitors of 297 SDU patients spanning 29 346 hours (3.35 patient-years) of observation. We present example rules that have been learned from data to illustrate potential benefits of comprehensibility of the extracted models, and we analyze the empirical utility of each VS as a potential leading indicator of an impending CRI event.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                American Journal of Public Health
                Am J Public Health
                American Public Health Association
                0090-0036
                1541-0048
                October 2017
                October 2017
                : 107
                : 10
                : 1608-1611
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Courtney R. Lyles and Dean Schillinger are with the Center for Vulnerable Populations and the Division of General Internal Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco. Jim Fruchterman is with Benetech, Palo Alto, CA. Mara Youdelman is with the National Health Law Program, Washington, DC.
                Article
                10.2105/AJPH.2017.303933
                5607665
                28817324
                5f7d706e-c653-49d8-a3ac-a2a9beb9a175
                © 2017
                History

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