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      SARS‐CoV‐2 research using human pluripotent stem cells and organoids

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          Abstract

          Experimental cell models are indispensable for clarifying the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, and for developing therapeutic agents. To recapitulate the symptoms and drug response of COVID‐19 patients in vitro, SARS‐CoV‐2 studies using physiologically relevant human embryonic stem (ES)/induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell‐derived somatic cells and organoids are ongoing. These cells and organoids have been used to show that SARS‐CoV‐2 can infect and damage various organs including the lung, heart, brain, intestinal tract, kidney, and pancreas. They are also being used to develop COVID‐19 therapeutic agents, including evaluation of their antiviral efficacy and safety. The relationship between COVID‐19 aggravation and human genetic backgrounds has been investigated using genetically modified ES/iPS cells and patient‐derived iPS cells. This review summarizes the latest results and issues of SARS‐CoV‐2 research using human ES/iPS cell‐derived somatic cells and organoids.

          Abstract

          To recapitulate the symptoms and drug response of COVID‐19 patients in vitro, SARS‐CoV‐2 studies using physiologically relevant human embryonic stem/induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived somatic cells and organoids are ongoing. They are being used to investigate SARS‐CoV‐2 cell tropism, to develop COVID‐19 therapeutic agents, and to examine the relationship between COVID‐19 aggravation and human genetic backgrounds.

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          Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

          Wei-jie Guan, Zheng-yi Ni, Yu Hu … (2020)
          Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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            A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

            Na Zhu, Dingyu Zhang, Wenling Wang … (2020)
            Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
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              Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

              Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)
              In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kazuo Takayama:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-2457
                kazuo.takayama@cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stem Cells Transl Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Stem Cells Transl Med
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2157-6580
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SCT3
                Title: Stem Cells Translational Medicine
                Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Hoboken, USA )
                ISSN (Print): 2157-6564
                ISSN (Electronic): 2157-6580
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: November 2021
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 11 ( doiID: 10.1002/sct3.v10.11 )
                Pages: 1491-1499
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8507 Japan
                [ 2 ] Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir Valencia 46001 Spain
                [ 3 ] School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University Londonderry Northern Ireland UK
                [ 4 ] Department of Physiology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
                [ 5 ] University of Pittsburgh, Magee‐Women's Hospital Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Kazuo Takayama, PhD, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto 606‐8507, Japan.

                Email: kazuo.takayama@ 123456cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9953-3848
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-2457
                Article
                Publisher ID: SCT312991
                DOI: 10.1002/sctm.21-0183
                PMC ID: 8550698
                PubMed ID: 34302450
                SO-VID: 5fb4f3e6-0fe4-491b-b3db-f1e04f7fa67e
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. stem cells translational medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of AlphaMed Press.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                Date revision received : 10 June 2021
                Date received : 15 May 2021
                Date accepted : 05 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 9, Words: 5175
                Categories
                Subject: Induced Pluripotent stem cells
                Subject: Embryonic Stem Cells 
                Subject: Concise Review
                Subject: Concise Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date November 2021
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.8 mode:remove_FC converted:27.10.2021

                Keywords: covid‐19,human es cells,human ips cells,organoids,sars‐cov‐2
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid‐19, human es cells, human ips cells, organoids, sars‐cov‐2

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