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      Rapid and Complete Surface Modification with Strain‐Promoted Oxidation‐Controlled Cyclooctyne‐1,2‐Quinone Cycloaddition (SPOCQ)

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          Abstract

          Strain‐promoted oxidation‐controlled cyclooctyne‐1,2‐quinone cycloaddition (SPOCQ) between functionalized bicyclo[6.1.0]non‐4‐yne (BCN) and surface‐bound quinones revealed an unprecedented 100 % conjugation efficiency. In addition, monitoring by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) revealed the underlying kinetics and activation parameters of this immobilization process in dependence on its microenvironment.

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          In vivo imaging of membrane-associated glycans in developing zebrafish.

          Glycans are attractive targets for molecular imaging but have been inaccessible because of their incompatibility with genetically encoded reporters. We demonstrated the noninvasive imaging of glycans in live developing zebrafish, using a chemical reporter strategy. Zebrafish embryos were treated with an unnatural sugar to metabolically label their cell-surface glycans with azides. Subsequently, the embryos were reacted with fluorophore conjugates by means of copper-free click chemistry, enabling the visualization of glycans in vivo at subcellular resolution during development. At 60 hours after fertilization, we observed an increase in de novo glycan biosynthesis in the jaw region, pectoral fins, and olfactory organs. Using a multicolor detection strategy, we performed a spatiotemporal analysis of glycan expression and trafficking and identified patterns that would be undetectable with conventional molecular imaging approaches.
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            Characterization of polydopamine thin films deposited at short times by autoxidation of dopamine.

            Current interest in melanin films derived from the autoxidation of dopamine stems from their use as a universal adhesion layer. Here we report chemical and physical characterization of polydopamine films deposited on gold surfaces from stirred basic solutions at times ranging from 2 to 60 min, with a focus on times ≤10 min. Data from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical methods suggest the presence of starting (dopamine) and intermediate (C=N-containing tautomers of quinone and indole) species in the polydopamine films at all deposition times. A uniform overlayer analysis of the XPS data indicates that film thickness increased linearly at short deposition times of ≤10 min. At deposition times ≥10 min, the films appeared largely continuous with surface roughness ≈ ≤ 2 nm, as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Pinhole-free films, as determined by anionic redox probe measurements, required deposition times of 60 min or greater.
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              Mixed azide-terminated monolayers: a platform for modifying electrode surfaces.

              We have prepared and characterized mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on gold electrodes from azido alkane thiols and various omega-functionalized alkane thiols. In the presence of copper(I) catalysts, these azide-modified surfaces are shown to react rapidly and quantitatively with terminal acetylenes forming 1,2,3-triazoles, via "click" chemistry. The initial azide substituents can be identified and monitored using both grazing-angle infrared (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrosopies. Acetylenes possessing redox-active ferrocene substituents react with the azide-terminated mixed SAMs and electrochemical measurements of the ferrocene-modified SAM electrodes have been used to quantify the redox centers attached to these platforms. Time-resolved electrochemical measurements have enabled us to follow the formation of these ferrocene centers and thus to measure the rate of the surface "click" reaction. Under optimal conditions this well-behaved second-order reaction takes place with a rate constant of 1 x 10(3) M(-)(1) s(-)(1). Typical reaction times of several minutes were realized using micromolar concentrations of acetylene. These techniques have been used to construct well-characterized, covalently modified monolayers that can be employed as functional electrode surfaces.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                han.zuilhof@wur.nl
                Journal
                Angew Chem Int Ed Engl
                Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl
                10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3773
                ANIE
                Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1433-7851
                1521-3773
                15 February 2017
                13 March 2017
                : 56
                : 12 ( doiID: 10.1002/anie.v56.12 )
                : 3299-3303
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University and Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE WageningenThe Netherlands
                [ 2 ] Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringKing Abdulaziz University JeddahSaudi Arabia
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-8506
                Article
                ANIE201612037
                10.1002/anie.201612037
                5363232
                28198134
                5fc3f811-790e-4944-aad4-6f50a58b5743
                © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 10 December 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, References: 45, Pages: 5, Words: 0
                Categories
                Communication
                Communications
                Surface Chemistry
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                anie201612037
                March 13, 2017
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.0.9 mode:remove_FC converted:23.03.2017

                Chemistry
                cyclooctynes,kinetics,mass spectrometry,metal-free click chemistry,surface chemistry
                Chemistry
                cyclooctynes, kinetics, mass spectrometry, metal-free click chemistry, surface chemistry

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