Controles microbiológicos y puntos de control en una planta elaboradora de filet de merluza para exportación

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Abstract

En este trabajo se realizó un estudio de microorganismos indicadores y patógenos, a lo largo de la cadena de elaboración de filet de merluza para exportación. Se determinaron en ella los puntos críticos de control (P.C.C.), y las medidas preventivas y de control a aplicar durante la producción del alimento. Se recolectaron 45 muestras de pescado en distintas etapas de elaboración, 15 muestras de hielo y 12 de agua de lavado de utensilios. Se investigaron bacterias aerobias mesófilas, bacterias aerobias psicrótrofas, Staphylococcus aureus, enterobacterias, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales y se determinó la presencia de Escherichia coli, Salmonella y Shigella. De los promedios de recuentos obtenidos durante los muestreos de la planta estudiada se observó que las bacterias aerobias mesófilas sufren un aumento en sus recuentos durante el fileteado manual y empaque, en relación a la carga bacteriana de la materia prima. Las bacterias psicrotrófas superaron en número a los otros grupos bacterianos, principalmente en las merluzas enteras. La incidencia de enterobacterias fue mayor en las muestras de materia prima, este grupo bacteriano no se encuentra naturalmente presente en merluza. No se detectó Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella y Shigella. Este estudio permitió determinar riesgos microbiológicos y proponer acciones correctivas y de control para mejorar la calidad y seguridad del alimento.

Translated abstract

Microbiological controls and critical control points during control "for export" hake fillets manufacturing process. Indicator and food borne pathogens microorganisms in the "for export" hake fillets manufacturing were investigated in this study. Critical control points were identified and prevention activities and control were proposed during seafood elaboration process. 45 samples of hake from sequential processing operation stages, 15 ice samples and 12 water samples from utensil washing, were collected. The samples were analyzed for their content of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, enterobacteria, total and fecal coliform bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella. The analysis of the samples collected from the factory revealed that the amounts of aerobic mesophiles bacteria increased during manual filleting and packaging, in comparison with raw material. Psychrotrophic bacteria were the predominant microorganisms, specially in hake samples. In addition, high levels of enterobacteria, which do not occur normally in fish, were detected in raw hake samples. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella, were not isolated from any samples in this study. The goal of this work is to establish microbiological risks in the hake fillets manufacturing process and, therefore to make possible corrective and control actions to assure the quality and safety of seafood.

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Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Principles and Application Guidelines†

(1998)

The HACCP Subcommittee of the National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods (NACMCF) has prepared a revision of the document “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System” that was adopted by the Committee in 1992. The Committee retained the previous seven HACCP principles but made their wording more concise; revised and added definitions such as those for hazard, verification, and validation; included new sections on prerequisite programs, education and training, and implementation and maintenance of the HACCP plan; revised and provided a more detailed explanation of the application of HACCP principles, especially hazard analysis and verification; and added or revised Appendices such as new examples of prerequisite programs and an additional decision tree for identifying critical control points (CCPs).