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      Hyperlipidaemia and Weight Amongst Afghani Refugees Attending a General Practice Clinic in Regional Australia

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          Abstract

          Obesity and chronic disease are increasing problems in refugee populations. Afghani refugees undergoing hepatitis B vaccination between January 2015 and December 2017 at a general practice clinic received dietary counselling sessions in Dari by native speaking clinicians. Anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting lipids and liver function tests were measured at both visits with results compared over time. 110/119 refugees requiring hepatitis B vaccination were recruited into the study. Mean BMI was lower at follow up visits (25.4 vs 26.1 by wilcoxon signed rank test p 0.04) with 72 of 110 participants losing a median of 2 kg between visits (range 0.5–14 kg) a mean of 206 days after the initial consultation. Median triglyceride levels were lower at the second visit than the first (1.4 vs 1.3 mmol/L Wilcoxon signed rank test Z = 3.5, p 0.0004). This cohort of refugees lost weight and showed a small improvement in triglyceride levels between visits.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10903-022-01446-1.

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          US Immigration Westernizes the Human Gut Microbiome

          Pajau Vangay, Abigail Johnson, Tonya Ward … (2018)
          Many United States immigrant populations develop metabolic diseases post-immigration, but the causes are not well understood. Although the microbiome plays a role in metabolic disease, there have been no studies measuring the effects of U.S. immigration on the gut microbiome. We collected stool, dietary recalls, and anthropometrics from 514 Hmong and Karen individuals living in Thailand and the U.S., including first- and second-generation immigrants and 19 Karen individuals sampled before and after immigration, as well as from 36 U.S.-born European American individuals. Using 16S and deep shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing, we found that migration from a non-Western country to the U.S. is associated with immediate loss of gut microbiome diversity and function, in which U.S.-associated strains and functions displace native strains and functions. These effects increase with duration of U.S. residence, and are compounded by obesity and across generations.
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            The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health

            Jonathan C Wells, Ana Lydia Sawaya, Rasmus Wibaek … (2019)
            Malnutrition has historically been researched and addressed within two distinct silos, focusing either on undernutrition, food insecurity, and micronutrient deficiencies, or on overweight, obesity, and dietary excess. However, through rapid global nutrition transition, an increasing proportion of individuals are exposed to different forms of malnutrition during the life course and have the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) directly. Long-lasting effects of malnutrition in early life can be attributed to interconnected biological pathways, involving imbalance of the gut microbiome, inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and impaired insulin signalling. Life-course exposure to early undernutrition followed by later overweight increases the risk of non-communicable disease, by imposing a high metabolic load on a depleted capacity for homoeostasis, and in women increases the risk of childbirth complications. These life-course trajectories are shaped both by societal driving factors-ie, rapidly changing diets, norms of eating, and physical activity patterns-and by broader ecological factors such as pathogen burden and extrinsic mortality risk. Mitigation of the DBM will require major societal shifts regarding nutrition and public health, to implement comprehensive change that is sustained over decades, and scaled up into the entire global food system.
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              Trust in the health care professional and health outcome: A meta-analysis

              Johanna Birkhäuer, Jens Gaab, Joe Kossowsky … (2017)
              Objective To examine whether patients’ trust in the health care professional is associated with health outcomes. Study selection We searched 4 major electronic databases for studies that reported quantitative data on the association between trust in the health care professional and health outcome. We screened the full-texts of 400 publications and included 47 studies in our meta-analysis. Data extraction and data synthesis We conducted random effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions and calculated correlation coefficients with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Two interdependent researchers assessed the quality of the included studies using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Results Overall, we found a small to moderate correlation between trust and health outcomes (r = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.19–0.29). Subgroup analyses revealed a moderate correlation between trust and self-rated subjective health outcomes (r = 0.30, 0.24–0.35). Correlations between trust and objective (r = -0.02, -0.08–0.03) as well as observer-rated outcomes (r = 0.10, -0.16–0.36) were non-significant. Exploratory analyses showed a large correlation between trust and patient satisfaction and somewhat smaller correlations with health behaviours, quality of life and symptom severity. Heterogeneity was small to moderate across the analyses. Conclusions From a clinical perspective, patients reported more beneficial health behaviours, less symptoms and higher quality of life and to be more satisfied with treatment when they had higher trust in their health care professional. There was evidence for upward bias in the summarized results. Prospective studies are required to deepen our understanding of the complex interplay between trust and health outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                J. Pasricha:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-9627
                janet.pasricha@unimelb.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Immigr Minor Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Immigr Minor Health
                Title: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1557-1912
                ISSN (Electronic): 1557-1920
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 February 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 February 2023
                Publication date (Print): 2023
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 589-595
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Tristar Medical Group, Mildura, Australia
                [2 ]GRID grid.416153.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0624 1200, Royal Melbourne Hospital, , Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, ; Melbourne, Australia
                [3 ]GRID grid.483778.7, Peter Doherty Institute for Immunity and Infection, ; 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-9627
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1446
                DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01446-1
                PMC ID: 10212845
                PubMed ID: 36745279
                SO-VID: 60c585fb-0f78-47e2-b1c1-7ab3f299846b
                Copyright © © Crown 2023, corrected publication 2023
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date accepted : 27 December 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: refugee,immigrant,afghanistan,screening,immunisation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: refugee, immigrant, afghanistan, screening, immunisation

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