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      The Role of Arch Compression and Metatarsophalangeal Joint Dynamics in Modulating Plantar Fascia Strain in Running

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          Abstract

          Elastic energy returned from passive-elastic structures of the lower limb is fundamental in lowering the mechanical demand on muscles during running. The purpose of this study was to investigate the two length-modulating mechanisms of the plantar fascia, namely medial longitudinal arch compression and metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) excursion, and to determine how these mechanisms modulate strain, and thus elastic energy storage/return of the plantar fascia during running. Eighteen runners (9 forefoot and 9 rearfoot strike) performed three treadmill running trials; unrestricted shod, shod with restricted arch compression (via an orthotic-style insert), and barefoot. Three-dimensional motion capture and ground reaction force data were used to calculate lower limb kinematics and kinetics including MPJ angles, moments, powers and work. Estimates of plantar fascia strain due to arch compression and MPJ excursion were derived using a geometric model of the arch and a subject-specific musculoskeletal model of the plantar fascia, respectively. The plantar fascia exhibited a typical elastic stretch-shortening cycle with the majority of strain generated via arch compression. This strategy was similar in fore- and rear-foot strike runners. Restricting arch compression, and hence the elastic-spring function of the arch, was not compensated for by an increase in MPJ-derived strain. In the second half of stance the plantar fascia was found to transfer energy between the MPJ (energy absorption) and the arch (energy production during recoil). This previously unreported energy transfer mechanism reduces the strain required by the plantar fascia in generating useful positive mechanical work at the arch during running.

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          Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: the Foot Posture Index.

          Anthony C. Redmond, Jack Crosbie, Robert Ouvrier (2006)
          The limitations of clinical methods for appraising foot posture are well documented. A new measure, the Foot Posture Index is proposed, and its development and validation described. A four-phase development process was used: (i) to derive a series of candidate measures, (ii) to define an appropriate scoring system, (iii) to evaluate the validity of components and modify the instrument as appropriate, and (iv) to investigate the predictive validity of the finalised instrument relative to static and dynamic kinematic models. Methods included initial concurrent validation using Rose's Valgus Index, determination of inter-item reliability, factor analysis, and benchmarking against three dimensional kinematic models derived from electromagnetic motion tracking of the lower limb. Thirty-six candidate components were reduced to six in the final instrument. The draft version of the instrument predicted 59% of the variance in concurrent Valgus Index scores and demonstrated good inter item reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83). The relevant variables from the motion tracking lower limb model predicted 58-80% of the variance in the six components retained in the final instrument. The finalised instrument predicted 64% of the variance in static standing posture, and 41% of the variance in midstance posture during normal walking. The Foot Posture Index has been subjected to thorough evaluation in the course of its development and a final version is proposed comprising six component measures that performed satisfactorily during the validation process. The Foot Posture Index assessment is quick and simple to perform and allows a multiple segment, multiple plane evaluation that offers some advantages over existing clinical measures of foot posture.
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            The spring in the arch of the human foot.

            R Ker, M. Bennett, S Bibby … (2015)
            Large mammals, including humans, save much of the energy needed for running by means of elastic structures in their legs and feet. Kinetic and potential energy removed from the body in the first half of the stance phase is stored briefly as elastic strain energy and then returned in the second half by elastic recoil. Thus the animal runs in an analogous fashion to a rubber ball bouncing along. Among the elastic structures involved, the tendons of distal leg muscles have been shown to be important. Here we show that the elastic properties of the arch of the human foot are also important.
            Article 0 comments Cited 172 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Biomechanics of overground vs. treadmill walking in healthy individuals.

              Joseph Hidler, S Lee (2008)
              The goal of this study was to compare treadmill walking with overground walking in healthy subjects with no known gait disorders. Nineteen subjects were tested, where each subject walked on a split-belt instrumented treadmill as well as over a smooth, flat surface. Comparisons between walking conditions were made for temporal gait parameters such as step length and cadence, leg kinematics, joint moments and powers, and muscle activity. Overall, very few differences were found in temporal gait parameters or leg kinematics between treadmill and overground walking. Conversely, sagittal plane joint moments were found to be quite different, where during treadmill walking trials, subjects demonstrated less dorsiflexor moments, less knee extensor moments, and greater hip extensor moments. Joint powers in the sagittal plane were found to be similar at the ankle but quite different at the knee and hip joints. Differences in muscle activity were observed between the two walking modalities, particularly in the tibialis anterior throughout stance, and in the hamstrings, vastus medialis and adductor longus during swing. While differences were observed in muscle activation patterns, joint moments and joint powers between the two walking modalities, the overall patterns in these behaviors were quite similar. From a therapeutic perspective, this suggests that training individuals with neurological injuries on a treadmill appears to be justified.
              Article 0 comments Cited 118 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jose Manuel Garcia Aznar: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 April 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0152602
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Sport Science Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [2 ]Willetton Podiatry, Willetton, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [3 ]Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                University of Zaragoza, SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Willetton Podiatry provided salaries for author I.N. Orthotech Laboratories produced orthotic inserts used in the study. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: KM SS JA IN NP JR. Performed the experiments: KM SS JA IN NP JR. Analyzed the data: KM SS JA IN NP JR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KM SS JA IN NP JR. Wrote the paper: KM SS JA IN NP JR.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-52808
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152602
                PMC ID: 4824348
                PubMed ID: 27054319
                SO-VID: 6230231d-f2b0-47d6-9316-77bfc3399ea6
                Copyright © © 2016 McDonald et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 4 December 2015
                Date accepted : 16 March 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Willetton Podiatry (Perth, Australia) provided support in the form of salaries for author I.N., but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of this author are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. Orthotech Laboratories (Melbourne, Australia) provided a substantial financial discount for the production of the orthotic inserts which were used in the current study but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. During the course of this research K.A.M. was awarded personal financial support in the form of the Frank Pyke Memorial Scholarship (The University of Western Australia).
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Limbs (Anatomy)
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Feet (Anatomy)
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Limbs (Anatomy)
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Feet (Anatomy)
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Classical Mechanics
                Subject: Deformation
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Classical Mechanics
                Subject: Damage Mechanics
                Subject: Deformation
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Energy Transfer
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Biological Tissue
                Subject: Connective Tissue
                Subject: Ligaments
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Biological Tissue
                Subject: Connective Tissue
                Subject: Ligaments
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Joints (Anatomy)
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Joints (Anatomy)
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Classical Mechanics
                Subject: Mechanical Energy
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Biomechanics
                Subject: Biological Locomotion
                Subject: Running
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Biological Locomotion
                Subject: Running
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Biological Locomotion
                Subject: Running
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Classical Mechanics
                Subject: Kinematics
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Data are available through the University of Western Australia's 'Research Data Online' website. It can be accessed here: https://researchdataonline.research.uwa.edu.au/handle/123456789/2481 DOI: 10.4225/23/56c12939aace2.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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