The impact of physical fitness on resilience to modern life stress and the mediating role of general self-efficacy

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Abstract

Substantial evidence shows that physical activity and fitness play a protective role in the development of stress related disorders. However, the beneficial effects of fitness for resilience to modern life stress are not fully understood. Potentially protective effects may be attributed to enhanced resilience via underlying psychosocial mechanisms such as self-efficacy expectations. This study investigated whether physical activity and fitness contribute to prospectively measured resilience and examined the mediating effect of general self-efficacy. 431 initially healthy adults participated in fitness assessments as part of a longitudinal-prospective study, designed to identify mechanisms of resilience. Self-efficacy and habitual activity were assessed in parallel to cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, which were determined by a submaximal step-test, hand strength and standing long jump test. Resilience was indexed by stressor reactivity: mental health problems in relation to reported life events and daily hassles, monitored quarterly for nine months. Hierarchical linear regression models and bootstrapped mediation analyses were applied. We could show that muscular and self-perceived fitness were positively associated with stress resilience. Extending this finding, the muscular fitness–resilience relationship was partly mediated by self-efficacy expectations. In this context, self-efficacy expectations may act as one underlying psychological mechanism, with complementary benefits for the promotion of mental health. While physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness did not predict resilience prospectively, we found muscular and self-perceived fitness to be significant prognostic parameters for stress resilience. Although there is still more need to identify specific fitness parameters in light of stress resilience, our study underscores the general relevance of fitness for stress-related disorders prevention.

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International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity.

CORA L. CRAIG, ALISON L. MARSHALL, MICHAEL SJ??STR??M … (2003)

Physical inactivity is a global concern, but diverse physical activity measures in use prevent international comparisons. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed as an instrument for cross-national monitoring of physical activity and inactivity. Between 1997 and 1998, an International Consensus Group developed four long and four short forms of the IPAQ instruments (administered by telephone interview or self-administration, with two alternate reference periods, either the "last 7 d" or a "usual week" of recalled physical activity). During 2000, 14 centers from 12 countries collected reliability and/or validity data on at least two of the eight IPAQ instruments. Test-retest repeatability was assessed within the same week. Concurrent (inter-method) validity was assessed at the same administration, and criterion IPAQ validity was assessed against the CSA (now MTI) accelerometer. Spearman's correlation coefficients are reported, based on the total reported physical activity. Overall, the IPAQ questionnaires produced repeatable data (Spearman's rho clustered around 0.8), with comparable data from short and long forms. Criterion validity had a median rho of about 0.30, which was comparable to most other self-report validation studies. The "usual week" and "last 7 d" reference periods performed similarly, and the reliability of telephone administration was similar to the self-administered mode. The IPAQ instruments have acceptable measurement properties, at least as good as other established self-reports. Considering the diverse samples in this study, IPAQ has reasonable measurement properties for monitoring population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse settings. The short IPAQ form "last 7 d recall" is recommended for national monitoring and the long form for research requiring more detailed assessment.

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Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants

Regina Guthold, Gretchen Stevens, Leanne Riley … (2018)

Insufficient physical activity is a leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases, and has a negative effect on mental health and quality of life. We describe levels of insufficient physical activity across countries, and estimate global and regional trends.

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Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health.

F. Ortega, J. Ruiz, M. J. Castillo … (2008)

This review aims to summarize the latest developments with regard to physical fitness and several health outcomes in young people. The literature reviewed suggests that (1) cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with total and abdominal adiposity; (2) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are shown to be associated with established and emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors; (3) improvements in muscular fitness and speed/agility, rather than cardiorespiratory fitness, seem to have a positive effect on skeletal health; (4) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness enhancements are recommended in pediatric cancer patients/survivors in order to attenuate fatigue and improve their quality of life; and (5) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness have positive effects on depression, anxiety, mood status and self-esteem, and seem also to be associated with a higher academic performance. In conclusion, health promotion policies and physical activity programs should be designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, but also two other physical fitness components such us muscular fitness and speed/agility. Schools may play an important role by identifying children with low physical fitness and by promoting positive health behaviors such as encouraging children to be active, with special emphasis on the intensity of the activity.

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Author and article information

Contributors

R. J. Neumann:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-9425

rebecca.neumann@kgu.de

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

Title: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 0940-1334

ISSN (Electronic): 1433-8491

Publication date (Electronic): 7 October 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 7 October 2021

Publication date (Print): 2022

Volume: 272

Issue: 4

Pages: 679-692

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.7839.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9721, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, , Goethe-University, ; Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany

[2 ]GRID grid.410607.4, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, , University Medical Center Mainz, ; Mainz, Germany

[3 ]GRID grid.509458.5, ISNI 0000 0004 8087 0005, Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR) gGmbH, ; Mainz, Germany

[4 ]GRID grid.448696.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0338 9080, Faculty of Social Work, Education and Nursing Sciences, , Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, ; Esslingen, Germany

[5 ]GRID grid.7839.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9721, Department of Psychology, , Goethe University, ; Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main Germany

[6 ]GRID grid.7839.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9721, Brain Imaging Center, , Goethe University, ; Frankfurt am Main, Germany

[7 ]GRID grid.5802.f, ISNI 0000 0001 1941 7111, Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, ; Mainz, Germany

[8 ]GRID grid.410607.4, Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), , University Medical Center Mainz, ; Mainz, Germany

Author information

R. J. Neumann http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-9425

Article

Publisher ID: 1338

DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01338-9

PMC ID: 9095527

PubMed ID: 34622343

SO-VID: 6287cee3-7acd-4bd7-a8bf-653ca99ce977

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 25 June 2021

Date accepted : 22 September 2021

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft;

Award ID: CRC 1193

Award Recipient : K. Lieb

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661, horizon 2020 framework programme;

Award ID: 667303

Award Recipient : A. Reif

Funded by: Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt (8916)

Open Access :

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

Keywords: physical fitness,physical activity,stress resilience,mental health disorders,self-efficacy

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

Keywords: physical fitness, physical activity, stress resilience, mental health disorders, self-efficacy

The impact of physical fitness on resilience to modern life stress and the mediating role of general self-efficacy

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Most cited references 92

International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity.

Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants

Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health.

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