Contrast Extravasation Post Thrombectomy in Patients With Acute Cerebral Stroke: A Review and Recommendations for Future Studies

Abstract

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for cerebral revascularization in acute stroke is now considered standard of care in select patients. Patients are assessed routinely after MT with CT scanning. The phenomenon of contrast staining is well documented in the literature and is posited to be related to increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of susceptible and/or infarcting brain tissue allowing angiographic contrast to be visualized outside the normal cerebral vasculature. In some cases, this can progress to include frank blood/contrast extravasation or even more seriously lead to intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) with less favorable clinical outcomes. The relationship of this staining phenomenon and how it may have a cause or effect relationship with progression to hemorrhage is unclear. Many studies have been performed trying to better characterize this radiographic finding in terms of accurate diagnosis and potential for influencing prognosis. A literature review included a glaring lack of standardization in the application of terminology and quantitative/qualitative analysis. Dual energy CT (DECT) appears to be the best imaging modality to differentiate blood from contrast, but its application is limited since it is not as available as conventional CT. The possibility that risk factors are associated with progression of mixed density (blood and contrast) extravasations to frank IPH with resultant poorer outcomes is suggested in some studies. Overall, there remains a lack of consensus on how to best interpret this radiographic finding in altering any future stroke treatment(s). Recommendations of how to overcome this are postulated by the authors, which include standardization of terminology, progression toward more DECT use.