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      Paper-based sensors for diagnostics, human activity monitoring, food safety and environmental detection

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Paper-based sensors exploiting the advantages of paper can replace traditional substrate materials for building sensors which are simple to manufacture, inexpensive, easy-to-operate, portable and disposable.

          Abstract

          Paper-based sensors exploiting the advantages of paper can replace traditional substrate materials for building sensors which are simple to manufacture, inexpensive, easy-to-operate, portable and disposable. From clinical diagnostics and agriculture to wearable devices and environmental and food science, paper-based sensors have enormous potential for applications, especially in resource-constrained settings. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest research concerning paper-based sensors for applications in diagnostics, food, environment, agriculture and wearable sensing. We analyze the current challenges, offer potential solutions and highlight the opportunities.

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          Most cited references202

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices.

            Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) are a new class of point-of-care diagnostic devices that are inexpensive, easy to use, and designed specifically for use in developing countries. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.).
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              Simple telemedicine for developing regions: camera phones and paper-based microfluidic devices for real-time, off-site diagnosis.

              This article describes a prototype system for quantifying bioassays and for exchanging the results of the assays digitally with physicians located off-site. The system uses paper-based microfluidic devices for running multiple assays simultaneously, camera phones or portable scanners for digitizing the intensity of color associated with each colorimetric assay, and established communications infrastructure for transferring the digital information from the assay site to an off-site laboratory for analysis by a trained medical professional; the diagnosis then can be returned directly to the healthcare provider in the field. The microfluidic devices were fabricated in paper using photolithography and were functionalized with reagents for colorimetric assays. The results of the assays were quantified by comparing the intensities of the color developed in each assay with those of calibration curves. An example of this system quantified clinically relevant concentrations of glucose and protein in artificial urine. The combination of patterned paper, a portable method for obtaining digital images, and a method for exchanging results of the assays with off-site diagnosticians offers new opportunities for inexpensive monitoring of health, especially in situations that require physicians to travel to patients (e.g., in the developing world, in emergency management, and during field operations by the military) to obtain diagnostic information that might be obtained more effectively by less valuable personnel.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                SDEIAR
                Sensors & Diagnostics
                Sens. Diagn.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                2635-0998
                May 19 2022
                2022
                : 1
                : 3
                : 312-342
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, PR China
                [2 ]Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
                Article
                10.1039/D2SD00017B
                64091eef-7303-4090-8d1b-47e4cb0e8ffb
                © 2022

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

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