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      The mouse kinome: Discovery and comparative genomics of all mouse protein kinases

      , , , ,
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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          Abstract

          We have determined the full protein kinase (PK) complement (kinome) of mouse. This set of 540 genes includes many novel kinases and corrections or extensions to >150 published sequences. The mouse has orthologs for 510 of the 518 human PKs. Nonorthologous kinases arise only by retrotransposition and gene decay. Orthologous kinase pairs vary in sequence conservation along their length, creating a map of functionally important regions for every kinase pair. Many species-specific sequence inserts exist and are frequently alternatively spliced, allowing for the creation of evolutionary lineage-specific functions. Ninety-seven kinase pseudogenes were found, all distinct from the 107 human kinase pseudogenes. Chromosomal mapping links 163 kinases to mutant phenotypes and unlocks the use of mouse genetics to determine functions of orthologous human kinases.

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          Most cited references21

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          The protein kinase complement of the human genome.

          G. Manning (2002)
          We have catalogued the protein kinase complement of the human genome (the "kinome") using public and proprietary genomic, complementary DNA, and expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences. This provides a starting point for comprehensive analysis of protein phosphorylation in normal and disease states, as well as a detailed view of the current state of human genome analysis through a focus on one large gene family. We identify 518 putative protein kinase genes, of which 71 have not previously been reported or described as kinases, and we extend or correct the protein sequences of 56 more kinases. New genes include members of well-studied families as well as previously unidentified families, some of which are conserved in model organisms. Classification and comparison with model organism kinomes identified orthologous groups and highlighted expansions specific to human and other lineages. We also identified 106 protein kinase pseudogenes. Chromosomal mapping revealed several small clusters of kinase genes and revealed that 244 kinases map to disease loci or cancer amplicons.
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            Evolution of protein kinase signaling from yeast to man.

            Protein phosphorylation controls many cellular processes, especially those involved in intercellular communication and coordination of complex functions. To explore the evolution of protein phosphorylation, we compared the protein kinase complements ('kinomes') of budding yeast, worm and fly, with known human kinases. We classify kinases into putative orthologous groups with conserved functions and discuss kinase families and pathways that are unique, expanded or lost in each lineage. Fly and human share several kinase families involved in immunity, neurobiology, cell cycle and morphogenesis that are absent from worm, suggesting that these functions might have evolved after the divergence of nematodes from the main metazoan lineage.
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              Alternative splicing in the human, mouse and rat genomes is associated with an increased frequency of exon creation and/or loss.

              One of the most interesting opportunities in comparative genomics is to compare not only genome sequences but additional phenomena, such as alternative splicing, using orthologous genes in different genomes to find similarities and differences between organisms. Recently, genomics studies have suggested that 40-60% of human genes are alternatively spliced and have catalogued up to 30,000 alternative splice relationships in human genes. Here we report an analysis of 9,434 orthologous genes in human and mouse, which indicates that alternative splicing is associated with a large increase in frequency of recent exon creation and/or loss. Whereas most exons in the mouse and human genomes are strongly conserved in both genomes, exons that are only included in alternative splice forms (as opposed to the constitutive or major transcript form) are mostly not conserved and thus are the product of recent exon creation or loss events. A similar comparison of orthologous exons in rat and human validates this pattern. Although this says nothing about the complex question of adaptive benefit, it does indicate that alternative splicing in these genomes has been associated with increased evolutionary change.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
                Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
                Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
                0027-8424
                1091-6490
                August 10 2004
                August 10 2004
                August 02 2004
                August 10 2004
                : 101
                : 32
                : 11707-11712
                Article
                10.1073/pnas.0306880101
                511041
                15289607
                648199bb-1597-4c2c-ac6b-9eba38e60809
                © 2004
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