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      Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit cellular proliferation and upregulate cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in endometrial cancer cells.

      Cancer Science
      Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, pharmacology, Apoptosis, Aspirin, Cell Cycle, drug effects, Cell Proliferation, Cyclooxygenase 2, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors, Endometrial Neoplasms, enzymology, Enzyme Activation, Female, Humans, Indomethacin, Isoenzymes, metabolism, Membrane Proteins, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, Tumor Cells, Cultured

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          Abstract

          We determined the effects of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA), indomethacin and a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective inhibitor (NS398), on cellular proliferation and regulation of COX-2 protein expression in endometrial cancer cells in vitro, and investigated their modes of action. All three NSAIDs markedly inhibited the proliferation of Ishikawa, HEC-1A and AN3CA endometrial cancer cell lines in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. ASA and indomethacin triggered apoptosis in cells of all three lines through release of cytosolic cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and-3, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), but NS398 induced minimal apoptosis only in Ishikawa cells. ASA altered the cell cycle distribution, with G2/M phase accumulation of cells, and induced overexpression of Ki-67 protein. Both ASA and indomethacin reduced the protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, but upregulated those of Bax and Bcl-xs. COX-2 protein expression and PGE(2) production were upregulated by ASA and indomethacin in all three cell lines. However, NS398 did not alter COX-2 protein expression or PGE(2) production in these cells. These results indicate that NSAIDs inhibit proliferation of endometrial cancer cells independently of the reduction of COX-2 protein expression. A cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic pathway and/or cell cycle arrest may contribute to the inhibitory effects of these NSAIDs.

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