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      Adherence to Growth Hormone Therapy: A Practical Approach

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          Abstract

          Background: Early detection of suspected poor adherence to growth hormone (GH) therapy is crucial to achieve normal final height in GH-deficient (GHD) patients. Patients: 106 children (73 M, 33 F) with a median age of 10.47 ± 3.48 years (mean ± standard deviation score (SDS)) exhibited short stature (-1.76 ± 0.64 SDS) and a delayed bone age (8.68 ± 3.42 years). Severe GHD was found in 28, while partial GHD was seen in 78 cases, with low IGF-I values. Recombinant human GH was administered by daily subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 21 µg/kg in prepubertal and 25 µg/kg in pubertal patients. Results: Poor adherence was suspected in a number of patients, but clearly demonstrated in only 4 cases with persistent reduced height velocity in spite of a corrected therapeutic regimen. These patients admitted incomplete adherence to GH injections and clinical and anthropometric measurements revealed their poor response to therapy. Conclusions: To efficaciously improve adherence in GHD patients, it is mandatory to regularly interview patients; a non-aggressive approach might be utilized to ensure effective communication with patients and their parents.

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          Most cited references15

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          Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in childhood and adolescence: summary statement of the GH Research Society. GH Research Society.

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            Non-Compliance with Growth Hormone Treatment in Children Is Common and Impairs Linear Growth

            Background GH therapy requires daily injections over many years and compliance can be difficult to sustain. As growth hormone (GH) is expensive, non-compliance is likely to lead to suboptimal growth, at considerable cost. Thus, we aimed to assess the compliance rate of children and adolescents with GH treatment in New Zealand. Methods This was a national survey of GH compliance, in which all children receiving government-funded GH for a four-month interval were included. Compliance was defined as ≥85% adherence (no more than one missed dose a week on average) to prescribed treatment. Compliance was determined based on two parameters: either the number of GH vials requested (GHreq) by the family or the number of empty GH vials returned (GHret). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Findings 177 patients were receiving GH in the study period, aged 12.1±0.6 years. The rate of returned vials, but not number of vials requested, was positively associated with HVSDS (p<0.05), such that patients with good compliance had significantly greater linear growth over the study period (p<0.05). GHret was therefore used for subsequent analyses. 66% of patients were non-compliant, and this outcome was not affected by sex, age or clinical diagnosis. However, Maori ethnicity was associated with a lower rate of compliance. Interpretation An objective assessment of compliance such as returned vials is much more reliable than compliance based on parental or patient based information. Non-compliance with GH treatment is common, and associated with reduced linear growth. Non-compliance should be considered in all patients with apparently suboptimal response to GH treatment.
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              Observations of nonadherence to recombinant human growth hormone therapy in clinical practice.

              The effectiveness of all prescribed treatments is contingent on patient adherence. The reported levels of adherence to recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) therapy are highly variable, but it has been suggested that nonadherence might be as high as 36% to 49%. This commentary discusses the factors that affect long-term adherence to injection treatment, of which r-hGH therapy is a particular challenge. It also explores potential strategies to improve adherence to injection treatments in clinical practice. The opinion of the authors was validated and supported by published literature. A PubMed literature search was conducted in November 2006, identifying English-language articles containing key terms growth hormone, adherence, and compliance. This study found that factors associated with poor adherence to injection treatments include patients' lack of understanding of their disease, patient age, chronicity of the disease, complex treatment regimens, and insufficient information on the implications of nonadherence. Strengthening the patient-physician relationship by providing the patient with a clear understanding of his/her disease and the benefits of adherence, making improvements in injection devices, and eliminating subjective illness concepts, might increase adherence to SC injection treatments, thereby reducing increasing health care costs associated with nonadherence. Poor adherence to r-hGH therapy has a dual effect, in that it leads to reduced efficacy out-comes and increased health care costs. Implementing strategies to improve adherence with injection treatment might be of particular clinical benefit to patients undergoing r-hGH therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                HRP
                Horm Res Paediatr
                10.1159/issn.1663-2818
                Hormone Research in Paediatrics
                S. Karger AG
                1663-2818
                1663-2826
                2014
                June 2014
                03 April 2014
                : 81
                : 5
                : 331-335
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; cDepartment of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, and dPediatrics Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
                Author notes
                *Mauro Bozzola, MD, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Università di Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale C. Golgi 2, IT-27100 Pavia (Italy), E-Mail mauro.bozzola@unipv.it
                Article
                357975 Horm Res Paediatr 2014;81:331-335
                10.1159/000357975
                24714410
                68f76a8b-9acf-4423-ac70-70caf06eec9a
                © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 14 October 2013
                : 12 December 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Insulin-like growth factor I,Adherence ,Growth hormone deficiency,Compliance,Growth hormone therapy

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