Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use in Elderly Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

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Abstract

Purpose: Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are recommended for all patients with systolic heart failure, prior studies suggest that elderly cohorts are less likely to receive such therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the age dependence of adherence to guideline-based medical care in hospitalized heart failure patients. Methods: We performed a multicenter observational cohort study including 613 patients admitted to participating hospitals with a primary diagnosis of heart failure with ejection fraction ≤40%. This cohort was divided into four age groups (group 1: <60, group 2: 60–69, group 3: 70–79, and group 4: 80 years) and adherence to guideline-based medical care was measured. Results: ACE inhibitors were administered to 83% of ideal heart failure patients, and this rate was similar for all age groups. Elderly patients received significantly lower ACE inhibitor dosages compared to their younger counterparts (168, 148, 125 and 117 mg captopril in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, p = 0.001). Lower creatinine clearance (p < 0.001), prior residence in a long-term care facility (p = 0.037), intolerance to ACE inhibitors (p = 0.006), lower blood pressure (p = 0.005), absence of a history of hypertension (p = 0.005), and no prior heart failure hospitalizations within the past year (p = 0.001) were found to be independent predictors of low ACE inhibitor dosing. Conclusions: In this heart failure benchmarking project, elderly patients received guideline-based ACE inhibitor therapy at similar rates, but at lower doses, compared to their younger counterparts.

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A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.

J N Cohn, G. Johnson, S Ziesche … (1991)

To define better the efficacy of vasodilator therapy in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure, we compared the effects of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate with those of enalapril in 804 men receiving digoxin and diuretic therapy for heart failure. The patients were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive 20 mg of enalapril daily or 300 mg of hydralazine plus 160 mg of isosorbide dinitrate daily. The latter regimen was identical to that used with a similar patient population in the effective-treatment arm of our previous Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial. Mortality after two years was significantly lower in the enalapril arm (18 percent) than in the hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate arm (25 percent) (P = 0.016; reduction in mortality, 28.0 percent), and overall mortality tended to be lower (P = 0.08). The lower mortality in the enalapril arm was attributable to a reduction in the incidence of sudden death, and this beneficial effect was more prominent in patients with less severe symptoms (New York Heart Association class I or II). In contrast, body oxygen consumption at peak exercise was increased only by hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate treatment (P less than 0.05), and left ventricular ejection fraction, which increased with both regimens during the 2 years after randomization, increased more (P less than 0.05) during the first 13 weeks in the hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate group. The similar two-year mortality in the hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate arms in our previous Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (26 percent) and in the present trial (25 percent), as compared with that in the placebo arm in the previous trial, (34 percent) and the further survival benefit with enalapril in the present trial (18 percent) strengthen the conclusion that vasodilator therapy should be included in the standard treatment for heart failure. The different effects of the two regimens (enalapril and hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate) on mortality and physiologic end points suggest that the profile of effects might be enhanced if the regimens were used in combination.

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Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of autosomes other than chromosomes 1, 2, and 6

Meera Khan, F.H. Ruddle (1976)

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Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality.

Michelle Kittleson, Shelley Hurwitz, Monica Shah … (2003)

This study examined the hypothesis that patients who develop angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor intolerance attributable to circulatory-renal limitations (CRLimit) have more severe underlying disease and worse outcome. Although the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the progression of heart failure (HF), it also supports the failing circulation. Patients with the most severe disease may not tolerate inhibition of this system. Consecutive inpatient admissions to the cardiomyopathy service of the Brigham and Women's Hospital between 2000 and 2002 were reviewed retrospectively for initial profiles, discharge medications, and documented reasons for discontinuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Outcomes of death and transplantation were determined. Of the 259 patients, 86 were not on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor at discharge. Circulatory-renal limitations of symptomatic hypotension, progressive renal dysfunction, or hyperkalemia were documented in 60 patients (23%); other adverse effects, including cough, in 24 patients; and absent reasons in 2 patients. Compared with patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, patients with CRLimit were older (60 vs. 55 years; p = 0.006), with longer history of HF (5 vs. 2 years; p = 0.009), lower systolic blood pressure (104 vs. 110 mm Hg; p = 0.05), lower sodium (135 vs. 138 mEql/l; p = 0.002), and higher initial creatinine (2.5 vs. 1.2 mg/dl; p = 0.0001). Mortality was 57% in patients with CRLimit and 22% in the patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors during a median 8.5-month follow-up (p = 0.0001). Development of CRLimit to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor intolerance identifies patients with severe disease who are likely to die during the next year. New treatment strategies should be targeted to this population.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): CRD

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cardiology

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0008-6312

Title: Cardiology

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0008-6312

ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9751

Publication date Subscription-year: 2005

Publication date (Print): November 2004

Publication date (Electronic): 24 November 2004

Volume: 103

Issue: 1

Pages: 17-23

Affiliations

^aUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., and ^bUniversity HealthSystem Consortium, Oak Brook, Ill., USA

Article

Publisher ID: 81847 Other ID: Cardiology 2005;103:17–23

DOI: 10.1159/000081847

PubMed ID: 15528896

SO-VID: 69cda0c0-7989-4f34-b055-92919c963d15

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

History

Date received : 28 July 2003

Date accepted : 27 February 2004

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 3, References: 20, Pages: 7

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use in Elderly Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

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Karger: Cardiovascular System

Most cited references 14

A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.

Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of autosomes other than chromosomes 1, 2, and 6

Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality.

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