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      Learning during COVID-19: the role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence Translated title: Lernen während COVID-19: Die Relevanz von selbstreguliertem Lernen, intrinsischer Motivation und passiver Prokrastination für die wahrgenommene Kompetenz

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          Abstract

          In March 2020 schools in Austria temporarily closed and switched to distance learning to contain the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19). The resulting situation posed great challenges to teachers, guardians and students (Huber and Helm 2020). Research has shown that perceived competence (Deci and Ryan 2000) affects selfregulated learning (SRL), intrinsic motivation and procrastination, however few studies have considered these variables in context of distance learning among adolescents. This study investigated differences in students who perceived themselves as high vs. low in competence with respect to these constructs. In an online questionnaire, 2652 Austrian secondary school students answered closed questions regarding SRL, intrinsic motivation and procrastination as well as open-ended questions about challenges, successes and need for support in distance. Structural equation modeling was applied for the quantitative analysis which was complemented by thematic analysis for the qualitative questions (Braun and Clarke 2006). Results showed that students who experienced themselves as highly competent use SRL strategies (goal setting and planning, time management, metacognitive strategies) more often and are more intrinsically motivated than students with lower perceived competence. They also procrastinate less. Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed that although all students face similar challenges (e.g., independent learning, time and task management, learning on the computer, lack of contact with teachers and peers), students who perceived themselves as highly competent seemed to cope better, and have less need for support. Implications for distance learning and future research are discussed.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version of this article (10.1007/s11618-021-01002-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Translated abstract

          Im März 2020 wurden in Österreich Schulen vorübergehend geschlossen und auf Lernen auf Distanz umgestellt, um die Ausbreitung des Coronavirus (COVID-19) einzudämmen. Die daraus resultierende Situation stellte Lehrer, Erziehungsberechtigte und Schüler*innen vor große Herausforderungen (Huber und Helm 2020). Obwohl bisherige Forschung gezeigt hat, dass wahrgenommene Kompetenz selbstreguliertes Lernen (SRL), intrinsische Motivation und Prokrastination beeinflusst, haben sich nur wenige Studien mit diesen im Kontext des Lernens auf Distanz bei Jugendlichen befasst. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte die Unterschiede zwischen Schüler*innen, die sich selbst als hoch vs. niedrig kompetent wahrnahmen und inwieweit diese Variablen hierfür eine Rolle spielen. In einem Online-Fragebogen beantworteten 2652 österreichische Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe geschlossene Fragen zu SRL, intrinsischer Motivation und Prokrastination sowie offene Fragen zu Herausforderungen und Erfolgen beim Lernen auf Distanz und dem damit zusammenhängenden Unterstützungsbedarf. Für die quantitative Analyse wurde ein Strukturgleichungsmodell berechnet, welches durch eine thematische Analyse der qualitativen Fragen ergänzt wurde (Braun und Clarke 2006). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Schüler*innen, die sich selbst als hochkompetent erleben, häufiger SRLStrategien (Zielsetzung und Planung, Zeitmanagement, metakognitive Strategien) anwenden und höhere intrinsische Motivation aufweisen, als Schüler*innen mit geringer wahrgenommener Kompetenz. Sie prokrastinieren außerdem weniger. Darüber hinaus ergab die qualitative Analyse, dass, obwohl alle Schüler*innen mit ähnlichen Herausforderungen konfrontiert sind (z. B. selbständiges Lernen, Zeit- und Aufgabenmanagement, Lernen am Computer, mangelnder Kontakt mit Lehrern und Gleichaltrigen), jene Schüler*innen, die sich selbst als hochkompetent wahrnehmen, besser damit zurechtkommen und weniger Unterstützung benötigen. Implikationen für das Lernen auf Distanz und zukünftige Forschung werden diskutiert.

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              Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions.

              Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory. Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. The relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are discussed. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                elisabeth.pelikan@univie.ac.at
                marko.lueftenegger@univie.ac.at
                julia.holzer@univie.ac.at
                selma.korlat@univie.ac.at
                christiane.spiel@univie.ac.at
                barbara.schober@univie.ac.at
                Journal
                Z Erziehwiss
                Z Erziehwiss
                Zeitschrift Fur Erziehungswissenschaft
                Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden (Wiesbaden )
                1434-663X
                1862-5215
                4 March 2021
                4 March 2021
                : 1-26
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.10420.37, ISNI 0000 0001 2286 1424, Educational Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, , University of Vienna, ; Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]GRID grid.10420.37, ISNI 0000 0001 2286 1424, Department for Teacher Education, Centre for Teacher Education, , University of Vienna, ; Porzellangasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-9237
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-976X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3291
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5719-5222
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-4879
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-8865
                Article
                1002
                10.1007/s11618-021-01002-x
                7931168
                33686344
                69d2de98-2154-4937-b0c5-0718d18739e5
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 31 July 2020
                : 22 December 2020
                : 15 February 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF)
                Award ID: COV20-025
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Mega Bildungsstiftung
                Award ID: COV20-025
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: City of Vienna
                Award ID: COV20-025
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: University of Vienna
                Categories
                Schwerpunkt

                covid-19,intrinsic motivation,perceived competence,procrastination,self-regulated learning,intrinsische motivation,prokrastination,selbstreguliertes lernen,wahrgenommene kompetenz

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