17
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Boo-boos as the building blocks of pain expression: An observational examination of parental responses to everyday pain in toddlers

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Everyday pain experiences (minor bumps/scrapes) are common in early childhood and create frequent opportunities for socialization of pain behaviors. Nevertheless, everyday pain during the formative toddler period has been largely overlooked.

          Aims

          The aim of the current study was to describe the frequency and nature of toddlers’ everyday pain experiences, child and parent responses, and the relationship between child characteristics (age, sex, temperament) and responses.

          Methods

          Fifty-two children aged 12–32 months and their parents were observed at an indoor play facility. Using an observational checklist, trained observers recorded children’s everyday pain incidents and associated child and parent responses.

          Results

          Overall, 101 pain incidents were observed, the majority of which evoked low levels of pain and distress, which resolved after 1 min. Pain incidents occurred at a rate of 1.02 incidents/child/hour, with 81% of children experiencing at least one incident, which is higher than previous research with preschoolers and daycare staff. Common parent responses included a range of verbal (reassurance) and nonverbal (staying closer, hugging/kissing child) behaviors. Boys were more likely to not exhibit any protective behaviors. Parents were more likely to pick up older toddlers.

          Conclusions

          Future research should examine the link between self-reported and observed parent responses to child pain in everyday and clinical contexts.

          RÉSUMÉ

          Contexte: Les expériences douloureuses quotidiennes (bosses et éraflures mineures), courantes chez les jeunes enfants, créent des occasions fréquentes de socialisation des comportements liés à la douleur. Néanmoins, la douleur de tous les jours pendant la période formative des tout-petits a été largement néligée.

          Buts: Le but de cette étude était de décrire la fréquence et la nature des expériences douloureuses de tous les jours chez les tout-petits, les réponses des enfants et des parents à ces expériences, ainsi que le lien entre les caractéristiques de l’enfant (âge, sexe, tempérament) et ces réponses.

          Méthodes: Cinquante-deux enfants âgés de 12 à 32 mois et leurs parents ont été observés dans un espace de jeu intérieur. À l’aide d’une grille d’observation, des observateurs dûment formés ont noté les incidents douloureux de tous les jours vécus par les enfants ainsi que les réponses des enfants et des parents à ces incidents.

          Résultats: Dans l’ensemble, 101 incidents douloureux ont été observés, dont la majorité a suscité des niveaux de douleur et de détresse faibles, résolus après une minute. Les incidents douloureux sont survenus à un rythme de 1,02 incident/enfant/heure et 81 % des enfants ont vécu au moins un incident, ce qui est plus élevé que les études antérieures portant sur des enfants d’âge préscolaire et le personnel de services de garde. Les réponses les plus courantes des parents comprenaient toute une gamme de comportements verbaux (rassurer) et non-verbaux (rester plus proche, étreindre ou embrasser l’enfant). Les garçons étaient plus suceptibles de ne pas démontrer de comportements de protection. Les parents étaient plus susceptibles de prendre les tout-petits plus âgés dans leurs bras.

          Conclusions: D’autres études devraient se pencher sur le lien entre les réponses auto-déclarées et les réponses observées des parents à la douleur de tous les jours chez les enfants ainsi qu’à la douleur dans un contaxte clinique.

          Related collections

          Most cited references38

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: a systematic review.

          Chronic and recurrent pain not associated with a disease is very common in childhood and adolescence, but studies of pain prevalence have yielded inconsistent findings. This systematic review examined studies of chronic and recurrent pain prevalence to provide updated aggregated prevalence rates. The review also examined correlates of chronic and recurrent pain such as age, sex, and psychosocial functioning. Studies of pain prevalence rates in children and adolescents published in English or French between 1991 and 2009 were identified using EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. Of 185 published papers yielded by the search, 58 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed, and 41 were included in the review. Two independent reviewers screened papers for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the quality of studies. Prevalence rates ranged substantially, and were as follows: headache: 8-83%; abdominal pain: 4-53%; back pain: 14-24%; musculoskeletal pain: 4-40%; multiple pains: 4-49%; other pains: 5-88%. Pain prevalence rates were generally higher in girls and increased with age for most pain types. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher pain prevalence especially for headache. Most studies did not meet quality criteria. Copyright © 2011 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement.

            The Faces Pain Scale (FPS; Bieri et al., Pain 41 (1990) 139) is a self-report measure used to assess the intensity of children's pain. Three studies were carried out to revise the original scale and validate the adapted version. In the first phase, the FPS was revised from its original seven faces to six, while maintaining its desirable psychometric properties, in order to make it compatible in scoring with other self-rating and observational scales which use a common metric (0-5 or 0-10). Using a computer-animated version of the FPS developed by Champion and colleagues (Sydney Animated Facial Expressions Scale), psychophysical methods were applied to identify four faces representing equal intervals between the scale values representing least pain and most pain. In the second phase, children used the new six-face Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) to rate the intensity of pain from ear piercing. Its validity is supported by a strong positive correlation (r=0.93, N=76) with a visual analogue scale (VAS) measure in children aged 5-12 years. In the third phase, a clinical sample of pediatric inpatients aged 4-12 years used the FPS-R and a VAS or the colored analogue scale (CAS) to rate pain during hospitalization for surgical and non-surgical painful conditions. The validity of the FPS-R was further supported by strong positive correlations with the VAS (r=0.92, N=45) and the CAS (r=0.84, N=45) in this clinical sample. Most children in all age groups including the youngest were able to use the FPS-R in a manner that was consistent with the other measures. There were no significant differences between the means on the FPS-R and either of the analogue scales. The FPS-R is shown to be appropriate for use in assessment of the intensity of children's acute pain from age 4 or 5 onward. It has the advantage of being suitable for use with the most widely used metric for scoring (0-10), and conforms closely to a linear interval scale.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              High agreement but low Kappa: I. the problems of two paradoxes

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Pain
                Can J Pain
                Canadian Journal of Pain
                Taylor & Francis
                2474-0527
                12 April 2018
                2018
                12 April 2018
                : 2
                : 1
                : 74-86
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychology, The University of Calgary and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute; , Calgary, AB, Canada
                [b ]Department of Psychology and Neuroscience; , Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [c ]Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre; ; Halifax, NS, Canada
                [d ]Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University; ; IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [e ]Department of Psychology, University of Guelph; , Guelph, ON, Canada
                [f ]Departments of Psychiatry and Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University; , Halifax, NS, Canada
                [g ]Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Research in Family Health, IWK Health Centre; , Halifax, NS, Canada
                [h ]Department of Surgery, University of Calgary; , Calgary, AB, Canada
                [i ]Departments of Clinical Health Psychology and Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba; , Winnipeg, MB, Canada
                Author notes
                CONTACT Melanie Noel melanie.noel@ 123456ucalgary.ca Department of Psychology, The University of Calgary and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute; ; 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.

                Present address for Melanie Noel: Department of Psychology, The University of Calgary and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7138-916X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9900-4703
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6013-7402
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-1966
                Article
                1442677
                10.1080/24740527.2018.1442677
                8730579
                35005368
                6b97c240-ce13-4a38-a654-12d9665caa1d
                © 2018 Melanie Noel, Christine T. Chambers, Jennifer A. Parker, Kate Aubrey, Perri R. Tutelman, Barbara Morrongiello, Chris Moore, Patrick J. McGrath, Natalie L. Yanchar, and Carl L. Von Baeyer. Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, References: 34, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Research Article
                Original Articles

                everyday pain,acute pain,distress,toddlers,parents
                everyday pain, acute pain, distress, toddlers, parents

                Comments

                Comment on this article