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      Risk Factors, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d8079431e134">Patients with diabetes are at higher risk for death and cardiovascular outcomes than the general population. We investigated whether the excess risk of death and cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes could be reduced or eliminated. </p>

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          Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

          Peter Gæde, Pernille Vedel, Nicolai H. Larsen … (2003)
          Cardiovascular morbidity is a major burden in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the Steno-2 Study, we compared the effect of a targeted, intensified, multifactorial intervention with that of conventional treatment on modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. The primary end point of this open, parallel trial was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, revascularization, and amputation. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to receive conventional treatment in accordance with national guidelines and 80 to receive intensive treatment, with a stepwise implementation of behavior modification and pharmacologic therapy that targeted hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and microalbuminuria, along with secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with aspirin. The mean age of the patients was 55.1 years, and the mean follow-up was 7.8 years. The decline in glycosylated hemoglobin values, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels measured after an overnight fast, and urinary albumin excretion rate were all significantly greater in the intensive-therapy group than in the conventional-therapy group. Patients receiving intensive therapy also had a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.24 to 0.73), nephropathy (hazard ratio, 0.39; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.87), retinopathy (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.21 to 0.86), and autonomic neuropathy (hazard ratio, 0.37; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.79). A target-driven, long-term, intensified intervention aimed at multiple risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria reduces the risk of cardiovascular and microvascular events by about 50 percent. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.

            Aidin Rawshani, Araz Rawshani, Stefan Franzen … (2017)
            Long-term trends in excess risk of death and cardiovascular outcomes have not been extensively studied in persons with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
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              Years of life gained by multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: 21 years follow-up on the Steno-2 randomised trial

              Peter Gæde, Jens Oellgaard, Bendix Carstensen … (2016)
              Aims/hypothesis The aim of this work was to study the potential long-term impact of a 7.8 years intensified, multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria in terms of gained years of life and years free from incident cardiovascular disease. Methods The original intervention (mean treatment duration 7.8 years) involved 160 patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria who were randomly assigned (using sealed envelopes) to receive either conventional therapy or intensified, multifactorial treatment including both behavioural and pharmacological approaches. After 7.8 years the study continued as an observational follow-up with all patients receiving treatment as for the original intensive-therapy group. The primary endpoint of this follow-up 21.2 years after intervention start was difference in median survival time between the original treatment groups with and without incident cardiovascular disease. Non-fatal endpoints and causes of death were adjudicated by an external endpoint committee blinded for treatment allocation. Results Thirty-eight intensive-therapy patients vs 55 conventional-therapy patients died during follow-up (HR 0.55 [95% CI 0.36, 0.83], p = 0.005). The patients in the intensive-therapy group survived for a median of 7.9 years longer than the conventional-therapy group patients. Median time before first cardiovascular event after randomisation was 8.1 years longer in the intensive-therapy group (p = 0.001). The hazard for all microvascular complications was decreased in the intensive-therapy group in the range 0.52 to 0.67, except for peripheral neuropathy (HR 1.12). Conclusions/interpretation At 21.2 years of follow-up of 7.8 years of intensified, multifactorial, target-driven treatment of type 2 diabetes with microalbuminuria, we demonstrate a median of 7.9 years of gain of life. The increase in lifespan is matched by time free from incident cardiovascular disease. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT00320008. Funding: The study was funded by an unrestricted grant from Novo Nordisk A/S. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4065-6) contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: New England Journal of Medicine
                Abbreviated Title: N Engl J Med
                Publisher: New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS)
                ISSN (Print): 0028-4793
                ISSN (Electronic): 1533-4406
                Publication date Created: August 16 2018
                Publication date (Print): August 16 2018
                Volume: 379
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 633-644
                Affiliations
                [1 ]From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (Aidin Rawshani, Araz Rawshani, B.E., A. Rosengren, S.G.), and the Health Metrics Unit, Sahlgrenska Academy (S.F.), University of Gothenburg, and the Swedish National Diabetes Register, Center of Registers in Region (Aidin Rawshani, Araz Rawshani, S.F., B.E., A.-M.S., M.M., S.G.), Gothenburg, and the Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences–Geriatrics, Uppsala University, and the Swedish Medical Products Agency, Uppsala ...
                Article
                DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800256
                PubMed ID: 30110583
                SO-VID: 6b9ac69d-1afd-45e0-984e-7dd534ca81ca
                Copyright © © 2018
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