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      Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Firefighters in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Objective: Firefighters are exposed to many different chemicals and physical hazards and experience a significant number of accidents and injuries. They are exposed to high-risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

          The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of PTSD among Iranian firefighters.

          Method : This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Valid Persian and English keywords were searched in data resources, including SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to retrieve articles on the prevalence of PTSD among Iranian firefighters. The STROBE checklist was used to assess the quality of the articles. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed by I 2 index. The data were analyzed using Stata14 software.

          Results: Of the 316 articles selected in the initial search, 3 articles the inclusion criteria and were used for the meta-analysis. A total of 274 firefighters were studied. The prevalence of PTSD was 23.17% among Iranian firefighters (I 2 = 92.4%, 95% CI = 6.71-39.62, p < 0.001).

          Conclusion: The prevalence of PTSD is among Iranian firefighters relatively high and has been on the rise over the recent years.

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          3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial

          Amy Emerson, Rick Doblin, Berra Yazar-Klosinski … (2018)
          Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in military personnel and first responders, many of whom do not respond to currently available treatments. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for treating chronic PTSD in this population.
          Article 0 comments Cited 87 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: a 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters.

            Dieter Wagner, Leila M Soravia, Ulrike Ehlert … (2005)
            Most studies focusing on risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have used retrospective study designs. Only a small number of studies have prospectively examined risk factors in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure in predicting PTSD symptoms. The purpose of this study was to identify predictive risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms and comorbid psychopathological symptoms present during the time before exposure to traumatic stress in a high-risk population. Forty-three professional firefighters were assessed immediately after basic training (baseline) and at 6, 9, 12, and 24 months after entry into firefighter service. Subjects were screened for psychopathological symptoms, including symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Subjects were also characterized with regard to personality traits such as self-efficacy, hostility, and alexithymia. Neuroendocrine activity was assessed by examination of awakening and diurnal salivary cortisol profiles and 24-hour urinary catecholamine excretion. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze posttraumatic stress symptoms at 24-month follow-up as a function of pretraumatic characteristics. A high level of hostility and a low level of self-efficacy at baseline accounted for 42% of the variance in posttraumatic stress symptoms after 2 years. Subjects who had both risk factors at baseline showed a significant increase in measures of PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety, general psychological morbidity, global symptom severity, and alexithymia during the 2-year period. Biological characteristics were not predictive of the development of psychopathological symptoms. These results suggest that specific personality traits may constitute markers of vulnerability to the development of psychopathological symptoms after trauma exposure. Early identification of preexisting risk factors is needed to provide effective prevention and intervention for individuals who are at risk of developing trauma-related disorders.
            Article 0 comments Cited 61 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Guilt, shame and need for a container: a study of post-traumatic stress among ambulance personnel.

              Kerstin Segesten, Anders Jönsson (2004)
              Post-traumatic stress symptoms among ambulance personnel are regarded as a natural behaviour and reaction to working with the severely injured, suicides, injured children and dead people. The findings show that post-traumatic stress symptoms, guilt, shame and self-reproach are common after duty-related traumatic events. To handle these overwhelming feelings it is necessary to talk about them with fellow workers, friends or family members. By using another person as a container it is possible to internalise the traumatic experience. Poor and un-emphatic behaviour towards a patient and their relatives can have its origin in untreated traumatic experiences. Personnel in ambulance organisations who perform defusing, debriefing and counselling have to be informed of the importance that the roll of guilt and shame may play in the developing of post-traumatic stress symptoms.
              Article 0 comments Cited 27 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Psychiatry
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPS
                Title: Iranian Journal of Psychiatry
                Publisher: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 1735-4587
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-2215
                Publication date (Print): October 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 358-365
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
                [2 ] Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
                [3 ] Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.
                [4 ] Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
                [5 ] Department of Critical Care Nursing and Management, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
                [6 ] School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
                [7 ] Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: Address: Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, Postal Code: 3848176941. Tel: 98-86 34173504, Fax: 98-86 3417 3524, Email: m.golitaleb@ 123456arakmu.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJPS-15-358
                DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v15i4.4301
                PMC ID: 7610073
                PubMed ID: 33240386
                SO-VID: 6bd8f6c0-7d0c-4ac7-86fd-5278032d0116
                Copyright © Copyright © Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 3 September 2019
                Date revision received : 3 May 2020
                Date accepted : 12 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: firefighters,first responder,mental health,posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: firefighters, first responder, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd)

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