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      ZnO-NPs embedded biodegradable thiolated bandage for postoperative surgical site infection: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

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          Abstract

          Post-operative surgical site infections (SSI) present a serious threat and may lead to complications. Currently available dressings for SSI lack mucoadhesion, safety, efficacy and most importantly patient compliance. We aimed to address these concerns by developing a bioactive thiolated chitosan-alginate bandage embedded with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for localized topical treatment of SSI. The FTIR, XRD, DSC and TGA of bandage confirmed the compatibility of ingredients and modifications made. The porosity, swelling index and lysozyme degradation showed good properties for wound healing and biodegradation. Moreover, in-vitro antibacterial activity showed higher bactericidal effect as compared to ZnO-NPs free bandage. In-vivo wound healing in murine model showed significant improved tissue generation and speedy wound healing as compared to positive and negative controls. Over all, thiolated bandage showed potential as an advanced therapeutic agent for treating surgical site infections, meeting the required features of an ideal surgical dressing.

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          Most cited references37

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          Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Activity Against Microbes

          Zinc oxide is an essential ingredient of many enzymes, sun screens, and ointments for pain and itch relief. Its microcrystals are very efficient light absorbers in the UVA and UVB region of spectra due to wide bandgap. Impact of zinc oxide on biological functions depends on its morphology, particle size, exposure time, concentration, pH, and biocompatibility. They are more effective against microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Mechanism of action has been ascribed to the activation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by light, which penetrate the bacterial cell wall via diffusion. It has been confirmed from SEM and TEM images of the bacterial cells that zinc oxide nanoparticles disintegrate the cell membrane and accumulate in the cytoplasm where they interact with biomolecules causing cell apoptosis leading to cell death.
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            Flexible and microporous chitosan hydrogel/nano ZnO composite bandages for wound dressing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

            Current wound dressings have disadvantages such as less flexibility, poor mechanical strength, lack of porosity, and a tendency for dressings to adhere onto the wound surface; in addition, a majority of the dressings did not possess antibacterial activity. Hydrogel-based wound dressings would be helpful to provide a cooling sensation and a moisture environment, as well as act as a barrier to microbes. To overcome these hassles, we have developed flexible and microporous chitosan hydrogel/nano zinc oxide composite bandages (CZBs) via the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) into chitosan hydrogel. The prepared nanocomposite bandages were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, swelling, degradation, blood clotting, antibacterial, cytocompatibility, cell attachment on the material, and cell infiltration into the composite bandages were evaluated. The nanocomposite bandage showed enhanced swelling, blood clotting, and antibacterial activity. Cytocompatibility of the composite bandage has been analyzed in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Cell attachment and infiltration studies showed that the cells were found attached to the nanocomposite bandages and penetrated into the interior. Furthermore, the in vivo evaluations in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that these nanocomposite bandages enhanced the wound healing and helped for faster re-epithelialization and collagen deposition. The obtained data strongly encourage the use of these composite bandages for burn wounds, chronic wounds, and diabetic foot ulcers.
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              Surface, interfacial and molecular aspects of polymer bioadhesion on soft tissues

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: Software
                Role: ResourcesRole: Software
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisition
                Role: InvestigationRole: Software
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Validation
                Role: MethodologyRole: Project administration
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 June 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 6
                : e0217079
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
                [2 ] Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (RIPS), Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
                [3 ] University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
                [4 ] Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
                [5 ] Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
                [6 ] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science and Engineering (SBA-SSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan
                [7 ] Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
                [8 ] School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
                VIT University, INDIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-5003
                Article
                PONE-D-19-02173
                10.1371/journal.pone.0217079
                6553718
                31170179
                6cae8f13-869c-45f2-bd64-6dd265c0abdd
                © 2019 Arshad et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 January 2019
                : 5 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, Pages: 18
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Tissue Repair
                Wound Healing
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Tissue Repair
                Wound Healing
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Polymer Chemistry
                Macromolecules
                Polymers
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Polymers
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                Chemistry
                Polymer Chemistry
                Polymers
                Physical Sciences
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                Material Properties
                Porosity
                Engineering and Technology
                Nanotechnology
                Nanoparticles
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Animal Studies
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Model Organisms
                Mouse Models
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Model Organisms
                Mouse Models
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Animal Studies
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Animal Models
                Mouse Models
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Applied Microbiology
                Biodegradation
                Engineering and Technology
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Applied Microbiology
                Biodegradation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Applied Microbiology
                Biodegradation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Environmental Biotechnology
                Biodegradation
                Engineering and Technology
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Environmental Biotechnology
                Biodegradation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Tissue Repair
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Tissue Repair
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures
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