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      Socioeconomic correlates of overweight and obesity among ever-married urban women in Bangladesh

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          Abstract

          Background

          The escalating prevalence of overweight and obesity globally is reflected amongst urban women in many low-to-middle income countries. Evidence also shows that overweight and obesity is an increasing trend in Bangladesh. The present study assessed the prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of overweight and obesity among urban women in Bangladesh.

          Methods

          Data were extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014. A two-stage stratified sampling technique has been used for data collection in this cross-sectional survey. A sample of 1701 ever-married non-pregnant urban women aged 15–49 years was selected for statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis, multiple binomial logistic regression analysis were executed in this study.

          Results

          The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 34% (95% CI, 0.30–0.38) among urban Bangladeshi women. The probability of being overweight and obese increased with increasing age and wealth index. The likelihood of being overweight and obese among the oldest women surveyed (40–49 years) was 4.3 times (OR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.1–8.8) higher relative to the youngest women (15–19 years). The wealthiest women had 4.1 times (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 2.5–6.7) higher likelihood of being overweight and obese compared to the reference group of poorest women. Women having higher education (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0–2.6) were more likely to be overweight and obese. However, women who were no longer living with their husband or separated from their husband were (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8) less likely to be overweight and obese.

          Conclusion

          This study provides evidence that a large number of urban women were overweight and obese in Bangladesh. Women having higher levels of education, being older and belonging in both poorer and richest wealth quintile were at risk of being overweight and obese. Appropriate health promoting interventions based on these factors should be envisaged to reduce this problem.

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          The global epidemic of obesity: an overview.

          B. Caballero (2007)
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            Risk factors for early myocardial infarction in South Asians compared with individuals in other countries.

            Prashant M. Joshi, Shofiqul Islam, Prem Pais … (2007)
            South Asians have high rates of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at younger ages compared with individuals from other countries but the reasons for this are unclear. To evaluate the association of risk factors for AMI in native South Asians, especially at younger ages, compared with individuals from other countries. Standardized case-control study of 1732 cases with first AMI and 2204 controls matched by age and sex from 15 medical centers in 5 South Asian countries and 10,728 cases and 12,431 controls from other countries. Individuals were recruited to the study between February 1999 and March 2003. Association of risk factors for AMI. The mean (SD) age for first AMI was lower in South Asian countries (53.0 [11.4] years) than in other countries (58.8 [12.2] years; P or =once/wk, 10.7% vs 26.9%). However, some harmful factors were more common in native South Asians than in individuals from other countries (elevated apolipoprotein B(100) /apolipoprotein A-I ratio, 43.8% vs 31.8%; history of diabetes, 9.5% vs 7.2%). Similar relative associations were found in South Asians compared with individuals from other countries for the risk factors of current and former smoking, apolipoprotein B100/apolipoprotein A-I ratio for the top vs lowest tertile, waist-to-hip ratio for the top vs lowest tertile, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, psychosocial factors such as depression and stress at work or home, regular moderate- or high-intensity exercise, and daily intake of fruits and vegetables. Alcohol consumption was not found to be a risk factor for AMI in South Asians. The combined odds ratio for all 9 risk factors was similar in South Asians (123.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 38.7-400.2] and in individuals from other countries (125.7; 95% CI, 88.5-178.4). The similarities in the odds ratios for the risk factors explained a high and similar degree of population attributable risk in both groups (85.8% [95% CI, 78.0%-93.7%] vs 88.2% [95% CI, 86.3%-89.9%], respectively). When stratified by age, South Asians had more risk factors at ages younger than 60 years. After adjusting for all 9 risk factors, the predictive probability of classifying an AMI case as being younger than 40 years was similar in individuals from South Asian countries and those from other countries. The earlier age of AMI in South Asians can be largely explained by higher risk factor levels at younger ages.
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              Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity.

              Dympna Gallagher, Marjolein Visser, Ronald E De Meersman … (1997)
              This study tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle mass is reduced in elderly women and men after adjustment first for stature and body weight. The hypothesis was evaluated by estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a healthy adult cohort. A second purpose was to test the hypothesis that whole body 40K counting-derived total body potassium (TBK) is a reliable indirect measure of skeletal muscle mass. The independent effects on both appendicular skeletal muscle and TBK of gender (n = 148 women and 136 men) and ethnicity (n = 152 African-Americans and 132 Caucasians) were also explored. Main findings were 1) for both appendicular skeletal muscle mass (total, leg, and arm) and TBK, age was an independent determinant after adjustment first by stepwise multiple regression for stature and weight (multiple regression model r2 = approximately 0.60); absolute decrease with greater age in men was almost double that in women; significantly larger absolute amounts were observed in men and African-Americans after adjustment first for stature, weight, and age; and >80% of within-gender or -ethnic group between-individual component variation was explained by stature, weight, age, gender, and ethnicity differences; and 2) most of between-individual TBK variation could be explained by total appendicular skeletal muscle (r2 = 0.865), whereas age, gender, and ethnicity were small but significant additional covariates (total r2 = 0.903). Our study supports the hypotheses that skeletal muscle is reduced in the elderly and that TBK provides a reasonable indirect assessment of skeletal muscle mass. These findings provide a foundation for investigating skeletal muscle mass in a wide range of health-related conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tania Sultana Tanwi: sultanatonni@gmail.com
                Sayan Chakrabarty: Sayan.Chakrabarty@usq.edu.au
                Syed Hasanuzzaman: shzaman111@gmail.com
                Sue Saltmarsh: Sue.Saltmarsh@usq.edu.au
                Stephen Winn: s.winn@ecu.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Public Health
                Title: BMC Public Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 June 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 June 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 19
                Electronic Location Identifier: 842
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0689 2212, GRID grid.412506.4, Department of Economics, , Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, ; Sylhet Kumargaon, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0473 0844, GRID grid.1048.d, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, , University of Southern Queensland, ; Springfield, QLD 4300 Australia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0473 0844, GRID grid.1048.d, School of Teacher Education and Early Childhood, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, , University of Southern Queensland, ; Springfield, Australia
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0389 4302, GRID grid.1038.a, School of Education, , Edith Cowan University, ; Joondalup, Australia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 7221
                DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7221-3
                PMC ID: 6599309
                PubMed ID: 31253123
                SO-VID: 6db8598c-960d-4ddc-92a7-e3b435235b04
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 29 July 2018
                Date accepted : 20 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: socioeconomic,overweight,obesity,urban women,bangladesh
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: socioeconomic, overweight, obesity, urban women, bangladesh

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